Hetalia [Yaoi/Hetro/Yuri]

[yamamotoresidence]

The countries are fighting more and more.


Wars are starting once again.


The world is going into ruin.


What do the managers of these nations do?


Try to make an agreement, of course!


It seems that what they came up with, however... is... well...


The countries have to get married.


Not to humans, but to one another.


Their bosses have chosen to let them choose whom they want to marry...


though the task will be difficult


considering most countries are out for each other's throats at the moment.


Of course, this is all to avoid yet another world war.


Will the countries be able to set aside their differences for their people...


Or will new feelings form along the way...


That is for you to decide.

​

I guess you can call this just another Hetalia Roleplay. Of course, there's going to be romance. I honestly don't mind whom you decide for your character to fall in love with. And since almost all the characters hate each other, I'm not expecting to see sex and love within the first day. (Except for MAYBE France... because you know how he is.) If someone's character had fallen in love with the character BEFORE this whole thing started, I may allow love on the first day. But that's only a slim chance. All Hetalia characters can be used. Whether it's an OC, a cannon character, a side character, etc. I don't mind. All kinds of relationships are allowed, whether it be boy on boy, girl on girl, or boy on girl.


RULES:


1) No cybering. I don't wanna read how your characters have sex. There's younger people on here and that's too erotic for their innocent eyes. (I JK) But seriously... find another way to do it.


2) I don't want any god-mobbing. Granted, I don't think there'll be major violence. Maybe some quarreling, but none where people will be killed. If you plan on killing someone's character off, please ask the owner of that character off. And if you're fighting, give them a chance to fight back.


3) Countries are not human. But they're not god. Don't make them like that.


4) As I said before, no love at first sight or love on the first day. If your character has loved the other character for a long time, feel free.


5) Try to stick to your character's personality. It's no fun if a cannon character is in complete OC mode.


6) Only make multiple characters if you can handle it.


7) No Mary Sue OCs


8) More may be added later in red.


SKELETONS:


Name:


Country/City/State:


Brothers/Sisters/Fathers/etc:


Age (Appearance-Wise):


Likes:


Dislikes:


Hobbies:


Biography (Optional for Cannon):


Crush(s) (Optional):


Other (Optional):


Picture:

 

[MissSoulfulPoetKat]

The countries are fighting more and more.


Wars are starting once again.


The world is going into ruin.


What do the managers of these nations do?


Try to make an agreement, of course!


It seems that what they came up with, however... is... well...


The countries have to get married.


Not to humans, but to one another.


Their bosses have chosen to let them choose whom they want to marry...


though the task will be difficult


considering most countries are out for each other's throats at the moment.


Of course, this is all to avoid yet another world war.


Will the countries be able to set aside their differences for their people...


Or will new feelings form along the way...


That is for you to decide.

​

I guess you can call this just another Hetalia Roleplay. Of course, there's going to be romance. I honestly don't mind whom you decide for your character to fall in love with. And since almost all the characters hate each other, I'm not expecting to see sex and love within the first day. (Except for MAYBE France... because you know how he is.) If someone's character had fallen in love with the character BEFORE this whole thing started, I may allow love on the first day. But that's only a slim chance. All Hetalia characters can be used. Whether it's an OC, a cannon character, a side character, etc. I don't mind. All kinds of relationships are allowed, whether it be boy on boy, girl on girl, or boy on girl.


RULES:


1) No cybering. I don't wanna read how your characters have sex. There's younger people on here and that's too erotic for their innocent eyes. (I JK) But seriously... find another way to do it.


2) I don't want any god-mobbing. Granted, I don't think there'll be major violence. Maybe some quarreling, but none where people will be killed. If you plan on killing someone's character off, please ask the owner of that character off. And if you're fighting, give them a chance to fight back.


3) Countries are not human. But they're not god. Don't make them like that.


4) As I said before, no love at first sight or love on the first day. If your character has loved the other character for a long time, feel free.


5) Try to stick to your character's personality. It's no fun if a cannon character is in complete OC mode.


6) Only make multiple characters if you can handle it.


7) No Mary Sue OCs


8) More may be added later in red.


SKELETONS:


Name:


Country/City/State:


Brothers/Sisters/Fathers/etc:


Age (Appearance-Wise):


Likes:


Dislikes:


Hobbies:


Biography (Optional for Cannon):


Crush(s) (Optional):


Other (Optional):


Picture:

Hey this sounds pretty cool. I have been searching and searching for a hetalia roleplay so imagine my excitement upon finding this. Oh and the only reason I quote this is so you might actually receive notice. I'll get started on defining my character and post when I have completed it.

 

[yistae]

I'll join. This sounds like fun. ONe question though, my OC that I use for Hetalia things is Antarctica. Does that count?

 

[Ivan the Russian]

i think it would 
im russia from hetalia kohl kohl kohl kohl kohl

 

[Haziel]

Ooh. This sounds interesting. I'll join! Can we use a human character? Or just a country? If only a country, then I guess I'll be Spain.

 

[MusicQueen2016]

=D Woo! Hetalia!!!


Name: Natalya Arlovskaya


Country/City/State: Belarus


Brothers/Sisters/Fathers/etc: Russia and Ukraine


Age (Appearance-Wise): 19


Likes: Following Russia,


Dislikes: Being denied what she wants, Lithuania and Poland


Hobbies: Playing with knives,


Crush(s) (Optional): Russia


Other (Optional):


Picture:

 

[xXRachaelXx]

Okay, I totally call Italy!!!


Name: Feliciano Vargas


Country/City/State: Italy


Brothers/Sisters/Fathers/etc: South Italy (Romano) and Ancient Rome is his Grandfather


Age (Appearance-Wise): 20


Likes: Pasta, Pizza, cats, and art


Dislikes: Being bullied, mean people


Hobbies: waving a white flag, eating good food


Biography (Optional for Cannon):


Crush(s) (Optional):


Other (Optional):a strange hair curl on the left side of his head acts as an erogenous zone when pulled


Picture:

 

[Renn Skye]

Oh goodness, I want to join terribly. But as Arthur or Lovino? Ah. I'll go with national pride and try Arthur, though it pains my heart to let my Lovino be set aside.


Name: Arthur Kirkland


Country/City/State: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland


Brothers/Sisters/Fathers/etc: Mothered by Brittania, fathered by Rome but raised by Gaulia, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Ireland and Wales are his siblings, Australia, New Zealand, the Canary Islands, Canada, and Gibraltar are all his "children" due to them still belonging to the commonwealth, though none share direct relations to him


Age (Appearance-Wise): somewhere in his mid to late twenties


Likes: ★ The high seas


★ Brandy


★ Bourbon


★ Liquor


★ Beer (but not that American piss-water)


★ Scotch


★ Rum


★ Gi- you get the idea


★ The fair folk


★ Reminiscing about the good old days, whether they be a hundred years ago or a thousand, as long as they aren't now


★ Football (not that rubbish American sort, you git!)


★ Rugby


★ Cricket


★ Winning the Ashes (even if it almost never happens)


★ His Empire (when he still had it, anyway)


★ Bickering with France (yes, he actually enjoys it, though he might never admit to as much)


★ Once upon a time just France, without the bickering


★ A nice cuppa


★ Embroidery


★ Portugal


★ Winning


★ Scones


★ Knitting, crocheting, and embroidery


★ His extensive rose garden


★ Cleaning his… well lets just call them historical relics, shall we?


★ His. Ahem. Collectibles.


★ A good shag.


★ Those weekends when he can fall off the map, take up his guitar, and have a night among his people.


★ A good moan.


★ Aleksandr Orlov (so cute!)


Dislikes: ✖ Loosing


✖ Being reminded that he's no longer an Empire.


✖ Riots


✖ Clutter


✖ His brothers (the actual ones, America you have your own special level of Dislike)


✖ Most of the Tudor household (with one notable exception)


✖ His heart and it's habit of suicide jumping


✖ Most people, to be honest


✖ Spain


✖ France (well, certain things about him, anyway)


✖ America (well… No. Yes. America. America but not Alfred.)


✖ The weather


✖ Insults to his cooking


✖ Cheating tarts


✖ The Welsh


✖ Tube strikes


✖ Late trains


✖ That ruddy cell phone that he still can't figure out how to answer


✖ December


✖ Yule, in particular


✖ The fact that it's illegal, now, to burn people at the stake. It was such a nice past time!


✖ The constrictions of being a cultured, civilized, first-world country.


✖ Being held back.


✖ Russia. Good lord, he hates Russia almost as much as he hates Wales.


✖ Letting go.


✖ Running out of drink


✖ Getting too drunk to open the liquor cabinet for more.


✖ when the usual drizzle turns into real heavy-business rain.


Hobbies: Arthur quite likes to garden - in fact his rose garden is extensive and has at least one bush of every bloom known to man, and he regularly tries to gestate new colours and petal shapes. He knits, sews, crochets and practices embroidery, as well as dabbling in other forms of needlework. He practices fencing regularly to keep himself in shape and has been known to tread the boards on occasion, due to his people's infatuation with plays and musicals. He also loves to bake, which is unfortunate as he's terrible at it.


Biography: My personal timeline of English history up until 2011

Spoiler

· 5000 - 2000 BC Stone Age settlers arrived by crossing English Channel, farming introduced





· 2200 BC Bleaker People constructed ring of stones at Stonehenge





· 600 - 50 BC Celtic peoples established their culture throughout the British Isles; Druids populated Wales





· Around 50 BC A town grows up at London, Arthur born.





· 55 BC Julius Caesar attempted invasion of Britain, forced to withdraw





· 54 BC Julius Caesar attempted second invasion; captured St. Albans





· 43 AD Roman Emperor Claudius and 40,000 troops invaded, land in Kent, Britannia became a Roman province





· 51 BC - Caratacus, British resistance leader, is captured and taken to Rome





· 61 AD Queen Boadicea organized rebellion against Romans, was defeated (Scotland tries to liberate his little brother), she burns down St. Albans, Colchester, and London. Arthur obtains the first of two major burn marks that he will retain for the rest of his life.





· 63 AD - Joseph of Arimathea came to Glastonbury on the first Christian mission to Britain.





· 75-77 AD - The Roman conquest of Britain is complete, as Wales is finally subdued; Julius Agricola is imperial governor





· 120 AD Emperor Hadrian ordered wall to be built to mark Roman territory of Britain in north





133 AD - Julius Severus, governor of Britain, is sent to Palestine to crush the revolt





167 AD - At the request of King Lucius, the missionaries, Phagan and Deruvian,were said to have been sent by Pope Eleutherius to convert the Britons to Christianity. This is, perhaps, the most widely believed of the legends of the founding of Christianity in Britain.





184 AD- Lucius Artorius Castus, commander of a detachment of Sarmatian conscripts stationed in Britain, led his troops to Gaul to quell a rebellion. This is the first appearance of the name, Artorius, in history and some believe that this Roman military man is the original, or basis, for the Arthurian legend. The theory says that Castus' exploits in Gaul, at the head of a contingent of mounted troops, are the basis for later, similar traditions about "King Arthur," and, further, that the name "Artorius" became a title, or honorific, which was ascribed to a famous warrior in the fifth century.





197 AD - Clodius Albinus, governor of Britain, another claimant to the Imperial throne, is killed by Severus at the battle of Lyon





208 AD - Severus goes to defend Britain, and repairs Hadrian's Wall





209 AD - St. Alban, first British martyr, was killed for his faith in one of the few persecutions of Christians ever to take place on the island, during the governorship of Gaius Junius Faustinus Postumianus (there is controversy about the date of Alban's martyrdom. Some believe it occurred during the persecutions of Diocletian, in the next century)





· 211 AD Britain divided into two parts - Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior





· 254 AD St. Alban beheaded, became first Britain Christian martyr





· c.270 AD - Beginning (highly uncertain dating) of the "Saxon Shore" fort system, a chain of coastal forts in the south and east of Britain, listed in a document known as "Notitia Dignitatum."





· 287 AD- Revolt by Carausius, commander of the Roman British fleet, who rules Britain as emperor until murdered by Allectus, a fellow rebel, in 293





· 290 AD Carausius rebelled against Roman Empire, took control of Britain and North Gaul





· 296 AD Emperor Caesar Constantius Chlorus invaded Britain, recovered it for the Roman Empire





303 AD - Diocletian orders a general persecution of the Christians





· 306 AD Constantine declared Emperor of Rome at York.





311 AD - Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire ends.





312 AD - Constantine defeats and kills Maxentius at battle of Milvian Bridge; Constantine realizes Christian God may be a powerful ally and decides to attempt to co-opt him for his own purposes.





313 AD - Edict of Toleration proclaimed at Milan, in which Christianity is made legal throughout the empire.





314 AD - Three British bishops, for the first time, attend a continental church gathering, the Council of Arles.





324 AD - Constantine finally achieves full control over an undivided empire. He was a skillful politician who is popularly believed to have made Christianity the official religion of the empire because of his personal convictions. In actuality, that act was merely an expedient intended to harness the power of its "God" for the benefit of the state. He re-located the imperial headquarters to Byzantium, whose name he then changed to Constantinople.





337 AD - Constantine received "Christian" baptism on his deathbed. Joint rule of Constantine's three sons: Constantine II (to 340); Constans (to 350); Constantius (to 361)





367 AD - 'The Great Barbarian Raid'. A combined force of Irish, Scots and Picts attack Roman Britain





369 AD - Roman general Theodosius drives the Picts and Scots out of Roman Britain





383 AD - Magnus Maximus (Macsen Wledig), a Spaniard, was proclaimed Emperor in Britain by the island's Roman garrison. With an army of British volunteers, he quickly conquered Gaul, Spain and Italy.





388 AD - Maximus occupied Rome itself. Theodosius, the eastern Emperor, defeated him in battle and beheaded him in July, 388, with many of the remnant of Maximus' troops settling in Armorica. The net result to Britain was the loss of many valuable troops needed for the island's defense (the "first migration").





395 AD - Theodosius, the last emperor to rule an undivided empire, died, leaving his one son, Arcadius, emperor in the East and his other son, the young Honorius, emperor in the West. At this point the office of Roman Emperor changed from a position of absolute power to one of being merely a head of state.





396 AD - The Roman general, Stilicho, acting as regent in the western empire during Honorius' minority, reorganized British defenses decimated by the Magnus Maximus debacle. Began transfer of military authority from Roman commanders to local British chieftains.





397 AD - The Roman commander, Stilicho, comes to Britain and repels an attack by Picts, Irish and Saxons.





402 AD - Events on the continent force Stilicho to recall one of the two British legions to assist with the defense of Italy against Alaric and the Visigoths. The recalled legion, known as the Sixth Victrix, was said by Claudian (in "De Bello Gallico," 416) to be "that legion which is stretched before the remoter Britons, which curbs the Scot, and gazes on the tattoo-marks on the pale face of the dying Pict." The barbarians were defeated, this time, at battle of Pollentia.





403 AD - Victricius, Bishop of Rouen, visited Britain for the purpose of bringing peace to the island's clergy, who were in the midst of a dispute, possibly over the Pelagian heresy.





405 AD - The British troops, which had been recalled to assist Stilicho, were never returned to Britain as they had to stay in Italy to fight off another, deeper penetration by the barbarian chieftain, Radagaisus.





406 AD - In early January, 406, a combined barbarian force (Suevi, Alans, Vandals & Burgundians) swept into central Gaul, severing contact between Rome and Britain. In autumn 406, the remaining Roman army in Britain decided to mutiny. One Marcus was proclaimed emperor in Britain, but was immediately assassinated.





407 AD - In place of the assassinated Marcus, Gratian was elevated "to the purple," but lasted only four months. Constantine III was hailed as the new emperor by Roman garrison in Britian. He proceeded to follow the example of Magnus Maximus by withdrawing the remaining Roman legion, the Second Augusta, and crossing over into Gaul to rally support for his cause. Constantine's departure could be what Nennius called "the end of the Roman Empire in Britain. . ."





408 AD - With both Roman legions withdrawn, Britain endures devastating attacks by the Picts, Scots and Saxons.





409 AD - Prosper, in his chronicle, says, "in the fifteenth year of Honorius and Arcadius (409), on account of the languishing state of the Romans, the strength of the Britons was brought to a desperate pass." Under enormous pressure, Britons take matters into their own hands, expelling weak Roman officials and fighting for themselves.





410 AD - Roman troops withdraw from Britannia; Roman occupation officially over





c.410 - y'all know it's AD now, Imma stop - Governor Owain Finddu of Glywysing is assassinated in Gwynedd. Irish incursions into Gwynedd, Powys, Garth Madrun, Dyfed & the Gower Peninsula.





411 - Capture, at Arles, of Constatine, last Emperor of Britain. He was executed at Ravenna soon afterward.





413 - Pelagian heresy said to have begun, by Prosper (Tiro) of Aquitaine in his "Chronicle".





420 - Pelagian heresy outlawed in Rome (418) but, in Britain, supposedly enjoys much support from "pro-Celtic" faction. Traditionalists (pro-Romans) support Roman church. During this time, according to Prosper, Britain is ruled by petty "tyrants".





c.420 - Death of Coel Hen, probably the last Roman Dux Brittanniarum. The lands of his office in Northern Britain are divided between his descendants and become petty kingdoms of the "Gwyr y Gogledd".





421 - Supposed death of King Gradlon Mawr of Brittany. Probable division of Brittany into sub-kingdoms of Cornouaille and Domnonée.





c.423 - Birth of St. Patrick in Banna Venta Burniae, thought to be near Birdoswald.





425 - Vortigern usurps Imperial power in Britain, possibly as High-King.





c.425 - Cunedda Wledig and his retinue are moved south from Manau Gododdin to Gwynedd in order to expel the invading Irish.





c.425-50 - King Conomor flourishes in Dumnonia, probably from his capital at Castle Dore.





428 - Vortigern invites a number of Germanic warriors to aid him in consolidating his position in Britain according to the Historia Brittonum. This appears to have been an early use of German mercenaries, who probably settled in the Dorchester-upon-Thames area.





429 - At the request of Palladius, a British deacon, Pope Celestine I dispatches Bishops Germanus of Auxerre and Lupus of Troyes to Britain to combat Pelagian heresy. While in Britain, Germanus, a former military man, leads Britons to "Hallelujah" victory on the Welsh border. St. Cadfan founds the Monastery of Barsdey.





c.434 - St. Patrick is captured by pirates and taken to Ireland as a slave.





435 - Tibatto leads Armorican movement for independence from Roman Gaul.





c.435 - War breaks out between the Irish settlers in Garth Madrun and Powys. King Anlach of Garth Madrun is defeated and forced to send his son, Brychan, as a hostage to the Powysian Court.





437 - Ambrosius Aurelianus appears as leader of the Pro-Roman faction in Britain (traditionally returning from exile in Brittany). Vortigern's apparent relative, Vitalinus (Guitolinus), fights against Ambrosius at the Battle of Wallop. The latter is probably victorious and is "given all the kingdoms of the western side of Britain".





c.437 - The Irish chieftain, Triffyn Farfog takes the Kingdom of Dyfed by marrying the daughter of King Clotri.





c.440 - St. Patrick escapes from his captors and returns to Britain.





c.440-50 - Period of Civil War and famine in Britain, caused by ruling council's weakness and inability to deal with Pictish invasions; situation aggravated by tensions between Pelagian/Roman factions. Vacated towns and cities in ruin. Migration of pro-Roman citizens toward west. Country beginning to be divided, geographically, along factional lines. King Glywys of Glywysing flourishes in Glywysing.





· 440 - 450 AD - Assorted tribes including the Picts, Saxons, Angles and Jutes invaded unprotected Britain





c.440-50 - Period of Civil War and famine in Britain, caused by ruling council's weakness and inability to deal with Pictish invasions; situation aggravated by tensions between Pelagian/Roman factions. Vacated towns and cities in ruin. Migration of pro-Roman citizens toward west. Country beginning to be divided, geographically, along factional lines. King Glywys of Glywysing flourishes in Glywysing.





c.440-90 - King Brychan flourishes in Brycheiniog. His three wives give birth to many saintly children who evangelize Dumnonia.





c.441 - Gallic Chronicle records, prematurely, that "Britain, abandoned by the Romans, passed into the power of the Saxons."





443 - Death of King Constantine Corneu of Dumnonia. His kingdom was divided between his two sons as Dumnonia and Cerniw.





446 - Britons (probably the pro-Roman party) appeal to Aetius, Roman governor of Gaul, for military assistance in their struggle against the Picts and the Irish/Scots. No help could be sent, at this time, as Aetius had his hands full with Attila the Hun.





c.446 - Vortigern authorizes the use of Saxon mercenaries, known as foederati, for the defence of the northern parts against barbarian attack and to guard against further Irish incursions. The Saxons are given a little land in Lincolnshire.





447 - Second visit of St. Germanus (this time accompanied by Severus, Bishop of Trier) to Britain. Was this visit spiritually motivated, to combat a revived Pelagian threat or was Germanus sent in Aetius' stead, to do whatever he could to help the desperate Britons? Vortigern is accused of incest. Battle of Aylesford (Kent) in which the rebellious sons of Vortigern, Vortimer and Cadeyrn, defeat Hengest for the first time. Cadeyrn is killed in the fighting. Germanus expells the Irish from Powys and restores Cadeyrn's son, Cadell Ddernllwg, to the throne.





c.447 - Britons, aroused to heroic effort, "inflicted a massacre" on their enemies, the Picts and Irish, and were left in peace, for a brief time. Could this heroic effort have been led, again, by St. Germanus?





c.448 - Civil war and plague ravage Britain.





c.450 - In the first year of Marcian and Valentinian, Hengest arrives on shores of Britain with "3 keels" of warriors, and are welcomed by Vortigern. This event is known in Latin as the "Adventus Saxonum," the coming of the Saxons.





c.452 - Increasing Saxon settlement in Britain. Vortigern marries Hengest's daughter, Rowenna, and supposedly offers the Jutish leader the kingdom of Kent. Hengest invites his son, Octha, from Germany with "16 keels" of warriors, who occupy the northern lands, to defend against the Picts. Picts never heard from, again.





c.453 - Raids on British towns and cities becoming more frequent. Increasing Saxon unrest.





455 - Prince Vortimer apparently rebels against the pro-Saxon policies of his father, Vortigern, and fights Hengest at the Battle of Crayford. Hengest is victorious and the British army flees back to London.





456 - The indecisve Battle of Aylesford between Hengest's Saxons and the British under Prince Vortimer. Prince Cadeyrn of Britain and King Horsa of Kent are killed in the fighting.





c.456 - St. Patrick leaves Britain once more to evangelise Ireland. Geoffrey of Monmouth tells us of a probably fictitious, but entirely believable, event in which Saxons massacre 300 leading British noblemen at a phony "peace" conference.





c.458 - Saxon uprising in full-swing. Hengest finally conquers Kent, in south-eastern Britain.





c.458-60 - Full-scale migration of British aristocrats and city-dwellers across the English Channel to Armorica, in north-western Gaul (the "second migration"). British contingent led by Riothamus (perhaps a title, not a name).





c.459 - Vortigern is burnt to death while being besieged by Ambrosius Aurelianus at Ganarew.





c.460-70 - Ambrosius Aurelianus of pro-Roman faction takes full control of Britain; leads Britons in years of back-and-forth fighting with Saxons. British strategy seems to have been to allow Saxon landings and to then contain them there.





464 - Supposed death of the legendary King Aldrien of Brittany.





465 - Battle of Wippedsfleet (or Richborough), in which the Britons defeat the Saxons, but with great slaughter on both sides. The latter are confined to the Isle of Thanet and there is a respite from fighting "for a long time."





c.465 - 'King' Arthur probably born around this time. Birth of St. Dyfrig also.





c.466-73 - Period of minimal Saxon activity. Re-fortification of ancient hillforts and construction of the Wansdyke possibly takes place during this time.





c.469 - Roman emperor, Anthemius, appeals to Britons for military help against the Visigoths. Reliable accounts by Sidonius Apolonaris and Jordanes name the leader of the 12,000 man Breton force, Riothamus. The bulk of the British force was wiped out in battle against Euric, the Visigothic king, and the survivors, including Riothamus, vanished and were never heard from, again.





c.471 - The army of King Ceretic of Strathclyde raids the Irish Coast and carries off some of St. Patrick's new flock and sells them into slavery. The king receives a written repremand from the Irish Evangelist.





473 - Men of Kent, under Hengest, move westward, driving Britons back before them "as one flees fire."





477 - Saxon chieftain, Aelle, lands on Sussex coast with his sons. Britons engage him upon landing but his superior force besieges them at Pevensey and drives them into the Weald. Over next nine years, Saxon coastal holdings are gradually expanded in Sussex.





c.480 - King Erbin of Dumnonia abdicates in favour of his son, King Gerren Llygesoc. Death of King Glywys of Glywysing. His kingdom is divided into Gwynllwg, Penychen, Gorfynedd, Edeligion and others.





c.485 - Birth of St. Samson.





c.485-96 - Period of Arthur's "twelve battles" during which he gains reputation for invincibility.





486 - Aelle and his sons overreach their normal territory and are engaged by Britons at battle of Mercredesburne. Battle is bloody, but indecisive, and ends with both sides pledging friendship.





c.487 - Birth of St. David.





c.490 - Hengest dies. His son, Aesc, takes over and rules for 34 years. Death of Einion Yrth of Gwynedd. His kingdom is divided into Gwynedd and Rhos. St. Cybi Felyn is born in Callington in Cerniw.





493 - Death of St. Patrick, in Glastonbury according to local legend. Down Patrick seems more likely.





c.495 - The Germanic King Cerdic and his son, Cynric, land somewhere on the south coast, probably near the Hampshire-Dorset border. Their followers establish the beginnings of the Kingdom of Wessex. King Gwynllyw of Gwynllwg carries off Princess Gwladys of Brycheiniog. War between the two kingdoms narrowly avoided by the intercession of the legendary Arthur. The couple marry.





c.496 - The Siege of Mount Badon. Britons, under the command of the "war leader" Arthur, defeat the Saxons, under King Esla of Bernicia and possibly Cerdic of Wessex.





c.496-550 - Following the victory at Mt. Badon, the Saxon advance is halted with the invaders returning to their own enclaves. A generation of peace ensues. Corrupt leadership, more civil turmoil, public forgetfulness and individual apathy further erode Romano-British culture over next fifty years, making Britain ripe for final Saxon "picking."





497 - Birth of St. Cadog. Death of King Erbin of Dumnonia.





c.500-17 - King Cadwallon Lawhir expels the Irish from Anglesey.





c.505 - Death of St. Paulinus.





508 - King Cerdic of Wessex begins to move inland and defeats British king, Nudd-Lludd (Natanleod), at the Battle of Netley.





c.510 - The Battle of Llongborth (possibly Langport or Portsmouth), where King Gerren Llyngesoc of Dumnonia, was killed. Prince Rivod of Brittany murders his brother, King Maeliaw, and usurps the Breton throne. Many of the Breton Royal family flee to Britain, including Prince Budic who seeks refuge at the court of King Aircol Lawhir in Dyfed.





c.515 - Death of Aelle. Kingdom of Sussex passed to his son, Cissa and his descendents, but over time, diminished into insignificance.





517 - Death of King Cadwallon Lawhir of Gwynedd. His son, Maelgwn takes the throne, murders his uncle, probably King Owain Danwyn of Rhos, and re-unites the two kingdoms.





517-49 - King Maelgwn flourishes in Gwynedd. Invades Dyfed and generally tries to assert himself as High-King of Britain.





519 - Kingdom of the West Saxons (Wessex) founded with Cerdic its first ruler.





c.520 - King Pabo Post Prydain of the Pennines abdictaes his throne and divides the kingdom between his two sons. He retires, as a hermit, to Anglesey. Death of King Riwal Mawr Marchou of Domnonée. King Budic II of Brittany returns to Cornouaille to claim the Breton throne.





521 - St. Samson is consecrated a bishop by St. Dyfrig, Archbishop of Glywysing & Gwent.





523 - Death of King Gwynllyw of Gwynllwg. Gwnllywg and Penychen united under his son, St. Cadog





c.525 - St. Samson founds the Monastery of Dol and becomes its first Abbot.





· 525 AD Dating system introduced; Saxons attacked between London and St. Albans; formed Kingdom of Essex





c.528 - King & Saint Cadog of Glywysing abdicates in favour of King Meurig of Gwent, who is joined in marriage to Cadog's aunt. Banishment of Princess Thaney of Gododdin. Birth of her son, St. Kentigern.





530 - Saint Pabo Post Prydain, ex-King of the Pennines dies at Llanbabo. The British of the Isle of Wight are defeated by King Cerdic of Wessex at the Battle of Carisbrooke.





c.535 - Kings Sawyl Penuchel of the Southern Pennines is expelled from his kingdom (enemy uncertain) and flees to Powys. Death of King Meirchion Gul of Rheged. The kingdom is divided into North and South. Death of St. Illtud, Abbot of Llanilltud Fawr.





537 - Battle of Camlann, according to Annales Cambriae. Fought between the forces of Arthur and Mordred. Death (or unspecified other demise) of Arthur (according to Geoffrey of Monmouth). Saint and King Constantine ruling in Dumnonia.





c.538 - King Cynlas Goch of Rhos abandons his wife in favour of his sister-in-law, a nun who he drags from her convent. Civil War between Cynlas and his cousin, King Maelgwn of Gwynedd. Maelgwn enters a monastery, but soon returns to secular life and murders his nephew in order to marry his widow! Civil War also in Powys due to the tyranny of King Cyngen Glodrydd.





540 - King Jonas of Domnonée is murdered by King Cono-Mark of Cerniw and Poher. Cono-Mark marries Jonas' widow and rules Domnonée.





c.540 - Probable writing of Gildas' "De Excidio Britanniae." King Caradog Freichfras of Gwent gives Caerwent to St. Tathyw and moves the Royal court to Portskewett





545 - Death of the joint-Kings Budic II and his son Hoel I Mawr of Brittany. King Tewdwr Mawr succeeds to the throne, but is quickly ousted from Cornouaille by King Macliau of the Vannetais. Tewdwr flees to Cerniw and sets himself up as King of the Penwith region.





c.545 - The Synod of Brefi is held at Llandewi Brefi to condemn the Pelagian heresy. St. Dyfrig, Archbishop of South Wales resigns his position in favour of St. David. David moves the Archdiocese from Caerleon to St. Davids. Death of St. Dyfrig. He is succeeded as Bishop of Glywysing & Gwent by St. Teilo. Prince Judwal of Domnonée flees from his murderous step-father to the court of King Childebert of the Franks.





546 - St. Gildas returns to Brittany with St. Cadog.





547 - The King of Bryneich is expelled from his fortress of Bamburgh by King Ida of Bernicia. Apparent death of the, probably joint-king, Hoel II Fychan of Brittany.





c.548 - King Cono-Mark of Cerniw, Poher and Domnonée marries Princess Triphine of Broërec.





549 - "Yellow" Plague hits British territories, causing many deaths, including King Maelgwn of Gwynedd. Ireland also affected. Saxons, for whatever reason, are unaffected by it.





c.550 - Death of St. Ninian, Bishop of Whithorn. Birth of St. Tremeur. Murder of his mother, Triphine, by his father, King Cono-Mark of Cerniw, Poher and Domnonée. Prince Judwal of Domnonée retakes his throne. Cono-Mark flees to Cornwall. The semi-legendary Kingdom of Lyonesse possibly inundated by the sea.





552 - King Cynric of Wessex lays siege to the British at Old Sarum and put them to flight.





555 - St. Cybi Felyn, Abbot of Holyhead, dies at his monastery. Murder of St. Tremeur. Death of his father, King Cono-Mark of Cerniw and Poher.





c.555 - Death of King Erb of Gwent. The kingdom is divided into Gwent and Ergyng.





556 - King Cynric of Wessex lays siege to the British at Barbury Castle and is victorious.





· 556 Saxons set up seven kingdoms in Britain





558 - Broërec is attacked by King Childebert of the Franks. King Canao II leads resistance.





c.560 - Prince Elidyr of Strathclyde invades Gwynedd in right of his wife. He tries to expel his brother-in-law, King Rhun Hir of Gwynedd, at the Battle of the Cadnant Brook, but is killed in the process.





564 - Death of St. Tugdual, Bishop of Tréguier.





c.564 - St. Cadog settles in Weedon in Calchfynedd and is made Bishop there. St. Samson attends the Council of Paris and witnesses several Royal decrees.





c.565 - King Riderch Hael of Strathclyde mounts an unsuccessful revenge attack on King Rhun Hir of Gwynedd. Rhun marches on Strathclyde and reinforces the armies of his half-brother, Brudei, in Pictland. Death of St. Samson.





569 - St. David holds the Synod of Victoria to denounce the Pelagian heresy once more.





570 - Death of St. Gildas.





c.570-75 - The Northern British Alliance is forged between the kingdoms of North Rheged, Strathclyde, Bryneich and Elmet. They fight the Northumbrians at the Battles of Gwen Ystrad and the Cells of Berwyn





571 - King Cuthwulf of Wessex invades Midland Britain and defeats the British, probably under the King of Calchfynedd, at the Battle of Bedford.





573 - Kings Peredyr and Gwrgi of Ebrauc ally themselves with Kings Dunaut Bwr of the Northern Pennines and Riderch Hael of Strathclyde. They march north to claim the fort at Caerlaverock from King Gwendoleu of Caer-Gwendoleu. The latter was killed in the Battle of Arthuret and his bard, Myrddin, is forced to flee into the Caledonian Forest.





575 - Prince Owein of North Rheged kills King Theodoric of Bernicia at the Battle of Leeming Lane.





577 - Wessex invades the lower Severn Valley. Kings Ffernfael of Caer-Baddan, Cyndyddam of Caer-Ceri and Cynfael of Caer-Gloui are killed at the Battle of Dyrham. Wessex overuns the Cirencester area. King Tewdwr Mawr of Brittany returns to Cornouaille, reclaims his throne and kills King Macliau of the Vannetais in battle.





580 - The army of Kings Peredyr and Gwrgi of Ebrauc march north to fight the Anglians of Bernicia. Both are killed by King Adda's forces at Caer Greu. The Deirans rise up, under King Aelle, and move on the City of Ebrauc. King Peredyr's son is forced to flee the Kingdom. St. Cadog is martyred in Calchfynedd by invading Mercians.





584 - Death of St. Deiniol Gwyn, Bishop of Bangor Fawr. The British are victorious over King Ceawlin of Wessex at the Battle of Fethanleigh and kill his brother, Cuthwine. Ceawlin ravages the surrounding countryside in revenge.





585 - Death of King Alain I of Brittany.





586 - Death of King Rhun Hir of Gwynedd. Death of King Judwal of Domnonée.





588 - King Edwin of Deira is ousted from his Kingdom by the Bernicians and seeks refuge at the court of King Iago of Gwynedd.





589 - Death of Saint and King Constantine of Dumnonia. Death of St. David, Archbishop of St. Davids.





590 - The Siege of Lindisfarne. The Northern British Alliance (North Rheged, Strathclyde, Bryneich and Elmet) lays siege to King Hussa of Bernicia and almost exterminates the Northumbrians from Northern Britain. King Urien of North Rheged is assassinated at the behest of his jealous ally King Morcant Bulc of Bryneich. The Northumbrians recover while internal squabbles tear the British Alliance apart.





c.591 - King Dunaut Bwr of the Northern Pennines mounts an invasion of North Rheged, but is repulsed by its King, Owein, and his brother, Prince Pasgen. Prince Elffin of North Rheged is simultaneously attacked by King Gwallawc Marchawc Trin of Elmet.





c.593 - King Morcant Bulc of Bryneich invades North Rheged and kills King Owein in battle. Prince Pasgen of North Rheged flees to the Gower Peninsula. A greatly diminished North Rheged probably continues under the rule of their brother, Rhun.





595 - The aging King Dunaut Bwr of the Northern Pennines dies fighting off a Bernician invasion. His kingdom is overrun and his family flee to join his grandson in Gwynedd.





597 - Saint Augustine sent to Britain to convert English to Christianity





598 - Kings Mynyddog Mwynfawr of Din-Eidyn & Cynan of Gododdin ride south to fight Saxon Bernicia against enormous odds at the Battle of Catterick. The British are victorious, though King Gerren of Dumnonia is killed in the fighting. He is buried at Dingerein. Probable expansion of North Rheged to fill the vacuum left in North Yorkshire.





c.600 - Welsh bard, Prince Aneirin of the Northern Pennines, writes the poem, Y Gododdin, recording the events of the Battle of Catterick.





601 - The Synod of Chester. Death of St. Asaph, Bishop of Llanelwy.





602 - St. Augustine of Canterbury meets with the Welsh Bishops at Aust near Chepstow. He accuses them of acting contrary to Church teachings, failing to keep Easter at the prescribed Roman time and not administering baptism according to the Roman rite. He also insists that they help in the conversion of their enemy, the Saxons, and look to Canterbury as their spiritual centre. The Welsh tactfully decline.





604 - The Welsh Bishops meet for a second time with St. Augustine of Canterbury. He neglects to rise to greet them, lectures them again and insists they submit to him. The Welsh send him packing. They refuse to recognise the authority of a church within their enemies' territory under such a disrespectful bishop.





607 - Death of King Judhael of Domnonée. His son, Haelioc takes the throne and attempts to exterminate his brothers.





612 - Death of St. Kentigern, Bishop of Glasgow. Death of King Hoel III of Brittany.





613 - King Aethelfrith of Bernicia invades Gwynedd in order to route out his old enemy, King Edwin of Deira. A united British force (Gwynedd, Powys, Pengwern and Dumnonian warriors) clashes with his army at the Battle of Chester. Kings Iago of Gwynedd and Selyf Sarffgadau of Powys and Prince Cadwal Cryshalog of Rhos are all killed but the victor is unclear. The Battle of Bangor-is-Coed follows in quick succession. King Bledric of Dumnonia is killed in the fighting and 1000 monks are massacred by the Northumbrians.





· 613 Anglo-Saxons conquered all of Britain; land divided into 30 kingdoms





614 - King Cynegils of Wessex invades Dumnonia and defeats the local army (possibly under a King Clemen) at the Battle of Bindon.





c.614 - Proposed annexation of Powys by the Dogfeiling Prince, Eluan Powys, with the help of his brother, King Cynddylan of Pengwern, "oppressor of the Cadelling". The sons of the Cadelling king, Selyf Sarffgadau of Powys, are later described as "landless oafs". The Tarvin-Macefen boundary between Powys and Mercia is delineated.





617 - King Edwin of Deira invades and conquers Elmet. King Ceretic of Elmet is killed in the fighting.





· 617 - 685 - Northumbrian kingdom reigned supreme





· 620 - Ireland invaded by Norsemen





c.620 - King Tewdrig Fendigaid of Glywysing & Gwent abdicates in favour of his son, Meurig. King Llywarch Hen is expelled from South Rheged, probably by King Edwin of Deira. Llywarch flees to Powys and becomes a famous bard.





c.623 - King Edwin of Deira is baptised by Prince Rhun of North Rheged, according to the Historia Brittonum. This may have been at the Royal Court of Gwynedd.





625 - King Cadfan of Gwynedd dies and is buried at Llangadwaladr where his memorial stone can still be seen. His son, King Cadwallon, succeeds to the throne. St. Tysilio re-founds the Monastery of Meifod.





c.625 - Death of King Haelioc of Domnonée. His brother, Judicael, succeeds to the throne.





c.626 - The rivalry between King Cadwallon of Gwynedd and King Edwin of Deira reaches a climax. Edwin invades the Isle of Man and then Anglesey. Cadwallon is defeated in battle and is besieged on Puffin Island. He eventually flees to Brittany.





629 - St. Paulinus meets Blecca, the Praefectus Civitatis of Lincoln, and converts him to Christianity.





630 - The West Saxons invade Gwent. King Meurig defeats them, with the help of his aging father, at the Battle of Pont-y-Saeson. Death of King Neithon of Strathclyde.





c.630 - King Penda of Mercia besieges Exeter (possibly held by King Clemen of Dumnonia). King Cadwallon of Gwynedd lands nearby, from his Deiran imposed exile in Brittany. He negotiates an alliance with King Penda of Mercia and a united British and Saxon force moves north to re-take Gwynedd. The Deirans are defeated at the Battle of the Long Mountain and Cadwallon chases them back to Northumbria. The British ransack Northumbria and bring the kingdom to its knees.





632 - King Idris of Meirionydd is killed fighting the West Saxons on the Severn.





633 - The British, under King Cadwallon of Gwynedd, meet the Northumbrians in the Battle of Hatfield Chase. King Edwin of Deira is killed in the fighting and Cadwallon is victorious. Cadwallonis later besieged at York by Edwin's cousin and successor, Osric. The former is again victorious.





634 - King Cadwallon of Gwynedd slays both Kings Eanfrith of Bernicia and Osric of Deira rather than negotiate peace with them. Eanfrith's half-brother, Oswald succeeds to a united Northumbria. He gathers a force and clashes with King Cadwallon of Gwynedd at the Battle of Heavenfield. Cadwallon is killed and Oswald victorius. Cadafael Cadomedd usurps the Gwynedd throne and ousts Prince Cadwaladr. Civil War ensues in the kingdom. Death of the great poet, King Llywarch Hen of South Rheged, supposedly aged one hundred.





635 - King Judicael of Domnonée submits to the overlordship of King Dagobert of the Franks. An alliance is drawn up and the borders of the Breton kingdom agreed.





c.635 - King Meurig of Glywysing & Gwent invades Ergyng and re-unites the two kingdoms in the right of his wife.





636 - King Judicael of Domnonée abdicates in order to enter the Monastery of St. Meven at Gaël. His brother, St. Judoc, declines the throne and flees to Ponthieu.





637 - Death of the retired King Judicael of Domnonée.





638 - Edinburgh is besieged by the Angles of Northumbria. Princess Rhiainfelt, heiress of North Rheged, marries Prince Oswiu of Northumbria. Northumbria embraces North Rheged in a peaceful takeover.





640 - Death of St. Tysilio, Abbot of Meifod.





642 - King Penda of Mercia commands a united British and Mercian force against King Oswald of Northumbria. The British contingent includes the army of Kings Cadafael Cadomedd of Gwynedd, Eluan of Powys and Cynddylan of Pengwern. Oswald is killed, and possibly Eluan also. The Mercians become dominant in Midland Britain. King Owen of Strathclyde halts Scottish expansion by killing King Domnal Brecc of Dalriada at the Battle of Strathcarron.





c.645 - Gwynedd and much of Wales is in the grasp of famine. Would be King Cadwaladr Fendigaid of Gwynedd flees to Brittany. Civil War continues in his kingdom.





c.650 - King Cloten of Dyfed marries Princess Ceindrech of Brycheiniog and unites the two kingdoms.





655 - King Cadafael Cadomedd of Gwynedd and his army join King Penda of Mercia and march on the Northumbrians. Penda clashes with King Oswiu at the Battle of Winwaed, but Cadafael withdraws before the battle begins.





c.655 - King Morfael of Pengwern (re-)takes Wall (Staffs).





656 - King of Oswiu of Northumbria invades Pengwern and kills King Cynddylan in battle. His brother, King Morfael, and the remains of the family flee to Glastening. Mercians take control of Pengwern and may have invaded Powys at this time.





658 - King Cenwalh and the Wessex Saxons make a push against Dumnonia (possibly under a King Culmin). They are victorious at the Battle of Penselwood and the Dumnonia-Wessex border is set at the River Parrett. Death of King Judicael of Brittany.





661 - King Cenwalh of Wessex invades Dumnonia. He is victorious at the Battle of Posbury. Saxon settlers found Somerset in Eastern Dumnonia.





662 - Death of King Brochfael of Meirionydd





· 663 - Plague outbreak across British Isles





664 - Plague devastates Gwynedd. Probable death of King Cadafael Cadomedd there. King Cadwaladr Fendigaid of Gwynedd reasserts himself in his kingdom by sending his son, Ifwr, from Brittany to be regent. The Synod of Whitby determines that the Northern British should comply with the doctrines of Rome.





665 - The Second Battle of Badon





· 668 English Church established





675 - Death of St. Judoc.





c.680 - St. Boniface educated at a Celtic Christian Monastery in Exeter.





682 - The West Saxons "drove the British [of Dumnonia] as far as the Sea" (possibly around Bideford).





685 - St. Cuthbert visits Carlisle. King Ecgfrith of Northumbria marches his army north to engage the Picts at the Battle of Nechtansmere. The Scots and Strathclyde Britons probably join the Picts in a thorough defeat of the Saxon forces. The latter withdraw and lose much land south of the Forth to King Dumnagual of Strathclyde in the process.





688 - King Cadwaladr Fendigaid of Gwynedd dies on a pilgrimage to Rome.





690 - Death of King Alain II Hir of Brittany.





700 - King Gerren of Dumnonia receives a letter from St. Aldhelm, Abbot of Malmesbury, during his attendance at a Church Synod in Wessex. He insists that the Celtic Church of Dumnonia comply with the doctrines of Rome, as agreed with the Northern Celtic Church thirty-six years previously at the Synod of Whitby.





703 - Death of King Daniel Dremrudd of Brittany.





c.705 - King Gerren of Dumnonia grants land at Maker to Sherborne Abbey in an attempt to strengthen his position in the disputed regions of Dorset.





710 - King Gerren of Dumnonia clashes with King Ine of Wessex who manages to establish a fortress at Taunton.





c.710 - King Seisyll of Ceredigion invades Dyfed and conquers Ystrad Towi to create the greater kingdom of Seisyllwg. A reduced Dyfed and Brycheiniog both appear to have taken on the name of Rhainwg: King Rhain's kingdom now sliced in two.





712 - Death of King Idwal Iwrch of Gwynedd





717 - Death of St.Winnoc, Abbot of Wormhout.





c.720 - Contact between the Welsh Church and Yvi of Brittany is the last known link between the two Celtic countries. After this, each nation goes its own separate way.





722 - King Ine of Wessex attempts a takeover of Dumnonia. His armies are crushed and have to withdraw. Death of King Bili of Strathclyde. King Teudebur succeeds to the throne.





c.730 - Civil War between King Tewdr of Brycheiniog and a rival claimant to his throne, his cousin, Awst. The latter is slain. Tewdr is persuaded to live in peace with Awst's son, Elwystl.





· 730 - 821 - Mercia kingdom reigned





c.731 - King Elisedd of Powys expels the Mercians from his kingdom.





c.740 - Death of King Rhain of Dyfed & Brycheiniog. His kingdoms are divided between his two sons.





741 - York burned





743 - Kings Aethelbald of Mercia and Ceolred of Wessex join forces to attack Gwent and Powys.





c.744 - Construction of Wat's Dyke. The border between Mercia and Powys is set here.





750 - The Strathclyde Britons under King Teudebur defeat Prince Talorgen of the Picts at the Battle of Mugdock. Decline of the power of King Angus I of the Picts.





c.750 - Prince Elidyr ap Sandde moves the exiled Royal House of South Rheged from Powys to the Isle of Man. King Tewdr of Brycheiniog breaks the peace with his cousin, Elwystl, and murders him.





752 - Death of King Teudebur of Strathclyde. His son, Dumnagual, succeeds to the throne and promptly loses Kyle to King Eadberht of Northumbria.





754 - Death of King Rhodri Molwynog of Gwynedd. His sons, Kings Cynan Tindaethwy and Hywel succeed to the throne.





756 - Kings Angus I of the the Picts and Eadberht of Northumbria attack King Dumnagual of Strathclyde at Dumbarton. However, Eadberht's entire force is subsequently wiped out, probably by the Britons, at the Battle of Newburgh-on-Tyne.





760 - The Battle of Hereford is fought probably between the Mercians and the Kingdom of Brycheiniog under King Nowy Hen. Death of King Dumnagual of Strathclyde.





768 - Archbishop Elfoddw of Gwynedd persuades the Welsh Church to accept the Roman dating of Easter as agreed by the Northern British Church at the Synod of Whitby.





· 779 Offa's Dyke completed from River Dee to River Wye





784 - Construction of Offa's Dyke, the artificial bank and ditch boundary between England and Wales, is begun at the command of King Offa of Mercia.





793 - First Viking raid on Britain at Lindisfarne





c.795 - Quarrels between Kings Cynan Tindaethwy and Hywel leave the way open for Caradog ap Meirchion (of the House of Rhos) to usurp the throne of Gwynedd.





797 - Welsh forces, including those of Powys and Dyfed, clash with the Mercians at the Battle of Rhuddlan, when King Coenwulf tries to re-assert his domination of North-East Wales. King Maredydd of Dyfed is killed in the fighting. The Mercians push on westward.





798 - King Caradog of Gwynedd is killed fighting the Mercians of King Coenwulf in Snowdonia. Kings Cynan Tindaethwy and Hywel retake the throne.





· 802 - 839 - Kingdom of Wessex gained control of most of England





802 - Death of King Beorhtric of Wessex. He is buried at Wareham. Prince Egbert returns to Wessex and is accepted as King. Ealdorman Aethelmund of Hwicce attacks Wessex. He is met by Ealdorman Weohstan of Wiltshire and both are killed at the Battle of Kempsford, though the men of Wiltshire are victorious. Aethelmund is buried at Deerhurst Abbey. Cunred, a relative of King Coenwulf of Mercia, is appointed Abbot of St. Augustine's, Canterbury. First written record of the county of Wiltshire.





803 - The Synod of Clofeshoh (possibly Brixworth) is held, at which the Archbishopric of Lichfield is demoted to an ordinary Bishopric, with Papal permission obtained by King Coenwulf of Mercia.





c.805 - King Egbert of Wessex formally establishes kingship over the people of Devon after a gradual integration over many years. Dumnonia is reduced to cover only the Cornish in Cerniw.





806 - King Eardwulf of Northumbria is expelled from his kingdom by one Aelfwald who takes the throne as King Aelfwald II. Eardwulf flees to the Imperial Frankish Court of Charlemagne and later visits Pope Leo III in Rome.





807 - Death of King Cuthred of Kent. Kent possibly under direct Mercian rule.





807 - Death of King Arthwyr of Ceredigion.





808 - Death of Kings Rhain of Dyfed and Cadell of Powys.





808 - With the active support of Emperor Charlemagne of the Franks and Pope Leo III, the exiled King Eardwulf of Northumbria is able to return to his kingdom and oust the usurper, King Aelfwald II.





809 - Death of Archbishop Elfoddw of Gwynedd.





809 - The Papal Legate is kidnapped by Vikings while sailing for Northumbria.





c.810 - Death of King Eardwulf of Northumbria. He is succeeded by his son, Eanred. Canterbury Cathedral is probably demolished by Archbishop Wulfred of Canterbury and rebuilt on a more extravagant basilican scale





810 - St. Davids is burnt.





811 - Death of King Owain of Dyfed. His son-in-law, Hyfaidd takes the throne.





812 - Degannwy, the capital of Gwynedd, is struck by lighning and burnt to the ground.





813 - King Hywel and Cynan Tindaethwy of Gwynedd quarrel again and meet in battle. Hywel is victorious.





814 - Prince Gryffydd of Powys is slain through the treachery of his brother Elisedd. King Cynan Tindaethwy of Gwynedd invades Anglesey and attacks his brother, Hywel. Hywel is victorious and Cynan is driven from his shores.





815 - The Kingdom of Cerniw is raided by King Egbert of Wessex and his Saxon armies from East to West.





816 - King Hywel of Gwynedd is again attacked by his brother King Cynan on Anglesey. Cynan is killed. The English successfully invade Rhufoniog and also ravage the Snowdonia Mountains.





818 - King Coenwulf of Mercia raids Dyfed.





821 - King Coenwulf of Mercia dies in Basingwerk while preparing for another assault on Powys.





823 - The Mercians invade Powys, but are beaten back by King Cyngen. They also destroy the Gwynedd capital, Degannwy.





825 - Death of King Rhodri of Gwynedd. The kingdom is seized by his grand-nephew, Prince Merfyn Frych of Man (and South Rheged). The men of Cerniw make a push into Saxon Devon and the two armies clash at the Battle of Galford. The Cornish are probably victorious.





c.830 - Nynniaw, Abbot of Bangor Fawr, compiles the Historia Brittonum.





831 - Death of Bishop Sadyrnfyw of St. Davids.





· 836 - Vikings and West Welsh defeated in battle at Hengists Down near Plymouth





838 - The British of Cerniw join forces with the Vikings and attack Saxon Wessex. King Egbert defeats them at the Battle of Hingston Down.





840 - Nobis becomes Bishop of St. Davids.





844 - Death of King Merfyn Frych of Gwynedd. His son, Rhodri Mawr, succeeds to the throne.





848 - The armies of Brycheiniog and Gwent clash at the Battle of Ffinnant. King Ithel of Gwent is killed in the fighting.





849 - Birth of Prince (later King) Alfred of Wessex at Wantage.





850 - The Saxons inflict a major naval defeat on Viking raiders off the Sandwich Coast.





c.850 - "Eliseg's Pillar" is erected in Llantysilio-yn-Ial by King Cyngen of Powys as a memorial to his great grandfather King Elisedd (or Eliseg) and the power of the Powysian dynasty. Bishop Censteg of Dingerein (Cerniw) accepts the authority of Archbishop Ceolnoth of Canterbury.





850-858 - King Kenneth mac Alpin of Alba (Scotland) invades Northern Northumbria six times, burning Dunbar and Melrose.





851 - Death of sub-King Athelstan of Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex. He is succeeded by his nephew, Aethelbert.





852 - Death of King Beorhtwulf of Mercia. He is succeeded by his kinsman, Burghred.





853 - Mercia and Wessex attack Powys.





854 - King Cyngen of Powys dies on a pilgrimage to Rome. His throne is seized by his nephew, King Rhodri Mawr of Gwynedd, and his sons expelled.





855 - Anglesey is ravaged by Dublin Vikings.





856 - King Rhodri Mawr of Gwynedd & Powys repels a major Viking invasion of Wales and kills their king, Gorm.





866 - Vikings, the "Great Army", invaded England





· 867 - Northumbria captured by Vikings





· 870 - Vikings sacked York; captured Nottingham





871 - Dumbarton, capital of King Artgal of Strathclyde, is destroyed by King Olaf of Norse Dublin and his Viking warriors.





872 - Death of King Gwrgon of Seisyllwg by drowning. The throne is taken by his son-in-law, King Rhodri Mawr of Gwynedd & Powys. King Artgal of Strathclyde is slain through the connivance of King Constantine I of Alba and his Viking allies. Artgal's son, Run, succeeds to the Strathclyde throne.





· 872 - Vikings defeated Wessex army at Wilton; conquered Mercia





872 - King Alfred the Great of Wessex buys a peace with the Vikings and they remove the 'Great Heathen Army' from Reading to London. Death of King Ecgberht I of Northumbria. The Vikings install one Ricsige in his place.





873 - The 'Great Heathen Army' of Vikings returns to York from where they attack Mercia. They capture the Royal capital at Repton and spend the winter there.





874 - Death of Bishop Nobis of St. Davids.





876 - Death of Dungarth, the last King of Cerniw. He was drowned during a hunting accident and buried at St. Cleer.





877 - The Vikings invade Wales once more and King Rhodri Mawr of Gwynedd, Powys & Seisyllwg is forced to flee to Ireland.





877 - King Alfred the Great of Wessex raises a large force of men and marches on the Viking Camp at Exeter. Although his navy is almost destroyed in a storm near Swanage, his army besieges Guthrum and forces the Vikings to flee north to Gloucester. The Northern Vikings take Eastern Mercia under direct rule. King Halfdan I Wide-Embrace of Norse York leaves for Ireland in an attempt to recover his brother's Dublin throne. He is killed and a probable interregnum follows in York.





c.877 - Eadulf of Bamburgh establishes himself as King of Bernicia. Cut-off from the rest of Saxon England, he is only recognised outside his kingdom as High-Reeve or Ealdorman of Bamburgh. He may or may not have been related to previous Kings of Northumbria. Eadulf allies himself with King Alfred the Great of Wessex.





878 - While spending the winter at Chippenham, King Alfred the Great of Wessex is surprised by the a Viking attack and he and his men flee into the Somerset Levels for safety. From his headquarters at Athelney, Alfred wages a guerrilla war against the Vikings. The supposed "Burning of the Cakes" episode occurs. The English gain a victory at Countisbury Hill and then Alfred decisively defeats the Vikings at Edington. Guthrum and his men are pushed back to Chippenham and besieged for three weeks. Eventually the Peace of Wedmore is agreed. England is divided between Wessex in the south and the Vikings in the Danelaw up north. Guthrum embraces Christianity, is baptised as Aethelstan and returns to East Anglia. The main Viking force winters in Fulham. King Ceolwulf II of Mercia clashes with the Welsh and kills King Rhodri Mawr of Gwynedd, Powys and Seisyllwg in battle.





878 - King Rhodri Mawr of Gwynedd, Powys and Seisyllwg returns to his kingdoms, but is killed fighting the Mercians of King Ceolwulf II. His kingdoms are divided amongst his three sons, Anarawd, Merfyn and Cadell respectively. The Vikings winter in Dyfed. Death of King Run of Strathclyde. His son, Eochaid, succeeds to the throne and allies himself with his mother's cousin, King Giric of Alba. The two rule all Scotland together as joint-monarchs.





880 - King Anarawd of Gwynedd initiates a revenge attack on the Mercian armies and defeats them on the River Conwy.





c.881 - King Anarawd of Gwynedd and his brothers begin extensive military campaigns to quell resistance in Powys and Seisyllwg.





885 - Asser, a relative of Nobis, Bishop of St. Davids, is summoned to the court of King Alfred of England. He agrees to spend six months of the year in the King's service. Asser helps to enhance the literary status of the English Court and also to negotiate the recognition of Alfred as overlord of the South Welsh Kings.





c.885 - Kings Hyfaidd of Dyfed, Elisedd of Brycheiniog and Hywel of Glywysing are harassed by the armies of King Anarawd of Gwynedd. They seek the protection of King Alfred of England and submit to his overlordship. Anarawd seeks an alliance with the Norse Kings of York.





885 - King Alfred the Great of Wessex summons Asser, a relative of Bishop Nobis of St. Davids, to the English Court. He agrees to spend six months of the year in the King's service. Asser helps to enhance the literary status of the English Court and also to negotiate the recognition of Alfred as overlord of the South Welsh Kings. The Vikings attack Rochester but are beaten back by King Alfred.





c.885 - Kings Hyfaidd of Dyfed, Elisedd of Brycheiniog and Hywel of Glywysing, being harassed by the armies of King Anarawd of Gwynedd, seek the protection of King Alfred the Great of Wessex and submit to his overlordship. King Anarawd of Gwynedd seeks an alliance with the Norse King Guthfrith I of York.





886 - King Alfred the Great of Wessex recaptures London from the Vikings. He moves the community from Aldwich to within the safety of the city walls and hands the place over to his son-in-law, Lord Aethelred II of the Mercians. Alfred becomes the supreme monarch in the country and "all the English submitted to him, except those who were under the power of the Vikings".





888 - Foundation of Shaftesbury Abbey. King Alfred the Great of England founds Athelney Abey in thanksgiving for his triumph over the Vikings.





c.888 - Lord Aethelred II of the Mercians is struck down with a debilitating illness. His wife, Princess Aethelflaed of Wessex joins him as joint ruler of Mercia.





889 - Lord Aethelred II and Lady Aethelflaed of the Mercians begin their policy of fortifying Mercian cities as defensive burghs, starting with Worcester.





889 - Kings Eochaid and Giric of Alba, Strathclyde & the Picts are deposed by Viking invaders. The former's cousin takes the throne as King Donald II. The end of independent Strathclyde rule.





890 - King Donald II of Alba expels the British aristorcracy of Strathclyde. They flee south to North Wales.





893 - Death of King Hyfaidd of Dyfed.





c.893 - Asser, the Welshman, is made Bishop of Sherborne.





894 - King Anarawd of Gwynedd's shaky alliance with the Vikings collapses. His kingdom is ravaged by the Norsemen. Anarawd is forced to ask for help from King Alfred of England and submits to his overlordship. Alfred imposes oppressive terms and forces Anarawd to confirmation in the Christian Church with Alfred as godfather. Bishop Asser of Sherborne, writes his "Life of King Alfred"





894 - King Anarawd of Gwynedd is forced to ask for help from King Alfred the Great of England when his kingdom is ravaged by the Norsemen. He submits to Alfred's overlordship, but the latter imposes oppressive terms and forces Anarawd to confirmation in the Christian Church with Alfred as godfather. Bishop Asser of Sherborne, writes his "Life of King Alfred".





895 - King Alfred the Great of England supplies King Anarawd of Gwynedd with English troops to assist in his successful reconquest of Seisyllwg on behalf of his brother, King Cadell. Death of King Guthfrith I Hardicnutson as King of Norse York. He is buried in York Minster.





895 - King Anarawd of Gwynedd is supplied with English troops to assist in his reconquest of Seisyllwg. He is successful and his brother, King Cadell, is finally able to take his rightful place on the Seisyllwg throne.





896 - Brycheiniog and Gwent are ravaged by Haesten and his Viking pirate army.





· 897 - King Alfred built first English fleet (King Alfred is the only English king to earn the title of 'Great' - King Alfred the Great - and one of two English monarchs through history to attain said title. The other was, perhaps, England's most famous Queen, Elizabeth I. King Alfred brought together fifty kingdoms of England, started Arthur's naval history, and is one of his more famous kings. He is half the reason Arthur named Alfred what he did.)





899 - Death of King Alfred the Great of Wessex & All England. He is succeeded by his son, Edward.





901 - King Edward the Elder of Wessex takes the title "King of the Angles and Saxons". His mother, Dowager-Queen Ealhswith, founds the Nunnaminster at Winchester and retires into a religious life there. Death of King Aethelstan (alias Guthrum) of East Anglia. He is succeeded by his son, Eric.





c.900 - King Tewdr of Brycheiniog establishes his court on a crannog in the middle of Llangorse Lake.





902 - The Norsemen are expelled from Dublin. They attempt to settle in Seisyllwg, but are driven off by Prince Clydog. They move on and settle in the Wirral.





903 - The Vikings raid Anglesey.





904 - Marriage of Prince Hywel Dda of Seisyllwg to Princess Elen of Dyfed. Death of the latter's father, King Llywarch. The throne of Dyfed is claimed by Llywarch's brother, Rhodri, but he is probably forced to flee from Hywel's armies.





905 - Rhodri, nominally King of Dyfed, is caught and executed, at Arwystli, probably by his neice's husband, Hywel Dda. Hywel claims the throne of Dyfed.





909 - Death of Asser, the Welsh Bishop of Sherborne.





c.910 - Death of King Cadell of Seisyllwg. His son, King Hywel Dda unites Seisyllwg and Dyfed to form the Kingdom of Deheubarth.





914 - The Vikings harry the Welsh Coast and move up the Severn. They capture Bishop Cyfeilliog of Ergyng, but are driven out by Saxon levies from Hereford and Gloucester.





916 - Death of King Anarawd of Gwynedd. English raiders attack the court of King Tewdr of Brycheiniog at Llangorse and make off with the Queen and thirty-three of her courtiers.





917 - Brycheiniog is ravaged by the armies of Lady Aethelflaed of the Mercians in revenge for the killing of the, now unknown, Abbot Ecgberht.





918 - King Idwal Foel of Gwynedd and King Hywel Dda and Prince Clydog of Deheubarth submit to the overlordship of King Edward the Elder of England. The Vikings raid Anglesey.





· 926 - Eastern England recaptured by Saxons





927 - Kings Hywel Dda of Deheubarth and Owain of Glywysing & Gwent submit to the overlordship of King Athelstan of England at Hereford. The border between England and Wales is set at the River Wye.





928 - King Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Gwynedd & Powys begins the codification of Welsh customary law.





929 - King Hywel Dda of Deheubarth goes on a pilgrimage to Rome.





931 - King Morgan Hen of Glywysing & Gwent submits to the overlordship of King Athelstan of England and attends his court with Kings Hywel Dda of Deheubarth and Idwal Foel of Gwynedd.





934 - King Tewdr of Brycheiniog attends the court of King Athelstan of England and signs English Land Charters. Kings Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Idwal Foel of Gwynedd and Morgan Mwynfawr of Morgannwg are compelled to accompany Athelstan on his campaign against King Constantine II of the Scots.





937 - King Athelstan of England defeats a combined Northern Army under Kings Olaf of Dublin, Constantine II of Scots and Owain of Strathclyde at the Battle of Brunanbury. Though none of the British monarchs appear to have taken part, the people of Strathclyde were a major contingent under their Scottish King. The battle finally ends all British hope of driving the Saxons from their shores.





c.937 - King Idwal Foel of Gwynedd distances himself from his English overlord. The British begin to use the term "Cyrmry" to speak of themselves.





· 955 - Northumbrian Danes defeated





· 957 - After revolt, Edgar named King





· 980 - Vikings again invaded England





· 994 - Danes and Norwegians attacked London





· (1002) St. Brice's Day Massacre - King Ethelred ordered all Danes in England be killed





· (1012) Danes captured Canterbury





· (1013) Danes captured all of England, King of Danes, Sweyn, made King of England





· (1016) Danish King Canute became King of England





· (1035) King Canute died; England divided between three sons, Sweyn - Norway, Hardicanute - Denmark and South England, Harold Harefoot - North England





· (1042) Edward the Confessor became King





· (1066) Battle of Hastings occurred; William I crowned King of England





1067 - Work is begun on building the Tower of London.





1068 - The Norman Conquest continues until 1069: William subdues the north of England (the "Harrying of the North" ): the region is laid waste





1070 - Hereward the Wake begins a Saxon revolt in the Fens of eastern England; Lanfranc, an Italian lawyer, becomes William's formidable Archbishop of Canterbury. Lanfranc rebuilds Canterbury Cathedral and establishes the primacy of the see of Canterbury over York, but does not enforce clerical celibacy.





1072 - William invades Scotland, and also receives the submission of Hereward


the Wake.





1080 - William, in a letter, reminds the bishop of Rome that the King of England owes him no allegiance.





· (1086) Domesday Book finished





1087 - William II, Rufus, King of England (to 1100); his elder brother, Robert, is Duke of Normandy





· (1087) King William I died; son, William II King





1093 - Donald Bane, King of Scots (to 1097), following the death of his brother, Malcolm III, in battle against the English





· (1096) The Crusades began (lasted 150 years)





1097 - Edgar, second son of Malcolm Canmore, King of Scotland (to 1107); he defeats Donald Bane with the assistance of William II of England





· (1100) King William II killed; brother Henry I became King





· (1106) King Henry I conquered Normandy





1113 - Founding of the Order of St. John is formally acknowledged by the papacy





1114 - Matilda (Maud), daughter of Henry I of England marries Emperor Henry V





1118 - Hugues de Payens founds the order of Knights of Templars





1120 - William, heir of Henry I of England, is drowned in wreck of the "White Ship"





1129 - Empress Matilda, widow of Henry V, marries Geoffrey the Handsome, Count of Anjou, nicknamed " Plantagenet "





1139 - Matilda lands in England





1141 - Matilda captures Stephen at the battle of Lincoln, and reigns disastrously as queen; she is driven out by a popular rising and Stephen restored





1148 - Matilda leaves England for the last time





1152 - Marriage of Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine is annulled on grounds of blood relationship; Eleanor marries Henry of Anjou, allying Aquitaine to his lands of Anjou and Normandy, two months after her divorce





1153 - Henry of Anjou, son of Matilda, invades England and forces Stephen to make him heir to the English throne





· (1154) Henry II crowned King, first in Plantagenet line





1155 - Henry II appoints the Archdeacon of Canterbury, Thomas a Becket, as Chancellor





1159 - Henry II levies scutage, payment in cash instead of military service


1162 - Becket is appointed Archbishop of Canterbury and at once quarrels with Henry II over the Church's rights





1164 - Constitutions of Clarendon; restatement of laws governing trial of ecclesiastics in England; Becket is forced to flee to France





· (1170) Thomas Becket murdered after quarrel with Henry II





1173 - Rebellion of Henry's eldest sons, Henry, Richard, and Geoffrey, supported by their mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine; Thomas a Becket canonized





· (1189) King Henry II ousted; Richard the Lionheart (Richard I) crowned King. He is the closest thing Arthur ever has to a father figure.





1191 - The bodies of King Arthur and Guinevere were reported to have been exhumed from a grave at Glastonbury Abbey; Richard I conquers Cyprus and captures the city of Acre





1192 - Richard I captures Jaffa, makes peace with Saladin; on the way home he is captured by his enemy, Duke Leopold of Austria





1193 - Leopold hands Richard over to Emperor Henry VI, who demands ransom





1194 - Richard is ransomed and returned to England





· (1199) King Richard I died in battle; John new King





1203 - John of England orders the murder of his nephew Arthur, Duke of Brittany





· (1204) Philip II of France seized Normandy





1207 - Pope Innocent III appoints Stephen Langton Archbishop of Canterbury (Langton is the man who divided the books of the Bible into chapters); John refuses to let him take office





1208 - Innocent III lays England under interdict





1209 - Cambridge University is founded in England; Innocent III excommunicates John for attacks on Church property





1213 - Innocent III declares John deposed; John resigns his kingship to the pope and receives it back as a holding from the Roman legate, thereby ending the interdict.





1215 - Signing of Magna Carta; English barons force John to agree to a statement of their rights





1216 - Henry III becomes king of England at age nine (to 1272)





· (1224) France declared war on England





1227 - Henry III begins personal rule in England





1256 - Prince Llewellyn sweeps English from Wales





· (1259) Treaty of Paris signed; war with France ended





1264 - Simon de Montfort and other English barons defeat Henry III at battle of Lewes





1265 - De Montfort's Parliament: burgesses from major towns summoned to Parliament for the first time; Henry III's son Edward defeats and kills Simon de Montfort at battle of Evesham





1269 - Rebuilding of Westminster Abbey begun by Henry III.





· (1272) Henry III died; Edward I crowned King


1272 - Edward I, King of England (to 1307)





· (1282 - 1283) Edward I conquered Wales





· (1284) Wales annexed to England





· (1290) King Edward I expelled Jews from England





· (1296) Edward I invaded Scotland; Scotland became dependency of England





· (1297) William Wallace of Scotland, defeated English at Stirling Bridge





· (1298) Edward I invaded Scotland; defeated Scots





· (1307) King Edward I died; Edward II succeeded to throne; withdrew from Scotland





1312 - Order of Knights Templar abolished





· (1314) English defeated at Battle at Bannockburn, Scotland independent once more.





· (1318) Scottish forces invaded North England





· (1320) Declaration of Arbroath signed by earls and barons of Scotland, rejected English rule





· (1327) Edward II abdicated throne; Edward III King





· (1328) Edward III made peace with Scotland; treaty of Edinburgh signed





· (1331) David II (age seven) crowned King of Scotland





· (1337) Hundred Years' War with France begins





1338 - Treaty of Koblenz: alliance between England and the Holy Roman Empire; Edward III formally claims the French crown.





1340 - Naval victory at Sluys gives England the command of the English Channel; English Parliament passes four statues providing that taxation shall be imposed only by Parliament





1346 - Edward III of England invades France with a large army and defeats an even bigger army under Philip VI at the Battle of Crécy





1347 - The English capture Calais





· (1348) Black Death Plague ravished England; over 50% of population died





1374 - John of Gaunt returns to England and takes charge of the government; Edward III in his dotage, the Black Prince is ill





1375 - Truce of Bruges ends hostilities between England and France





· (1377) King Edward III died; Richard II (age 10) crowned King; Poll tax introduced





· (1381) Peasant's Revolt against poll tax occurred





· (1399) King Richard II forced to resign; Henry IV crowned King





· (1404) Welsh hero, Owain Glyndwr, gained control of Wales; declared himself Prince of Wales





· (1409) Welsh surrendered to England





· (1413) King Henry IV died; Henry V new king





· (1415) English defeated French at Battle of Agincourt





· (1419) Henry V took control of Normandy, France





· (1422) Henry V died; Son Henry VI (aged nine months) succeeded; council established to rule England





· (1453) Final battle of Hundred Years' War occurred at Chatillon; War ended; England ousted from France





· (1455) War of the Roses began between parties of Plantagenets and Lancastrians





1455 - Henry VI recovers. Richard of York is replaced by Somerset and excluded from the Royal Council; War of the Roses - civil wars in England between royal houses of York and Lancaster (until 1485); Battle of St. Albans. Somerset defeated and killed





1460 - Battle of Wakefield. Richard of York is defeated and killed; Earl of Warwick (the Kingmaker) captures London for the Yorkists; Battle of Northampton: Henry VI is captured by Yorkists





1461 - Battles of Mortimer's Cross and Towton: Richard's son, Edward of York, defeats Lancastrians and becomes king; Edward IV, King of England (to 1483)





1465 - Henry VI imprisoned by Edward IV





1466 - Warwick's quarrels with Edward IV begin; forms alliance with Louis XI


1470 - Warwick turns Lancastrian: he defeats Edward IV and restores Henry VI





1471 - Battle of Barnet. Edward IV defeats and kills Warwick; Henry VI dies, probably murdered in the Tower of London





1475 - Edward IV invades France; Peace of Piequigny between England and France





1476 - William Caxton sets up printing press at Westminster





· (1483) King Edward IV died; dispute occurred about rightful king; Richard III crowned King





1484 - Caxton prints Morte D'Arthur, the poetic collection of legends about King Arthur compiled by Sir Thomas Malory





1485 - Battle of Bosworth Field: Henry Tudor, with men, money and arms provided by Charles VIII of France, defeats and kills Richard III in the decisive (but not final) battle of the Wars of the Roses.





· (1485) Henry Tudor, descendent of Edward III, fought to take over English throne; King Richard III died during battle, Henry Tudor crowned King Henry VII.





1486 - Henry VII (Tudor) married Elizabeth of York uniting houses of York and Lancaster.





1487 - Battle of Stoke Field: In final engagement of the Wars of the Roses, Henry VII, defeats Yorkist army "led" by Lambert Simnel (who was impersonating Edward, the nephew of Edward IV, the only plausible royal alternative to Henry, who was confined in the Tower of London).





· (1492) Kings Henry VII of England and Charles VII of France negotiated Treaty of Etaples; Christopher Columbus discovered Bahamas





1496 - Henry VII joins the Holy League; commercial treaty between England and Netherlands.





1497 - John Cabot discovers Newfoundland





1502 - Margaret, daughter of Henry VII, marries James IV of Scotland.





1509 - Henry VIII, becomes king.





1513 - Battle of Flodden Field (fought at Flodden Edge, Northumberland) in which invading Scots are defeated by the English under their commander, 70 year old Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey; James IV of Scotland is killed.





1515 - Thomas Wolsey, Archbisop of York, is made Lord Chancellor of England and Cardinal





1517 - The Protestant Reformation begins; Martin Luther nails his "95 Theses" against the Catholic practice of selling indulgences, on the church door at Wittenberg





1520 - Field of Cloth of Gold: Francois I of France meets Henry VIII but fails to gain his support against Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V


1521 - Henry VIII receives the title "Defender of the Faith" from Pope Leo X for his opposition to Luther





1529 - Henry VIII dismisses Lord Chancellor Thomas Wolsey for failing to obtain the Pope's consent to his divorce from Catherine of Aragon; Sir Thomas More appointed Lord Chancellor; Henry VIII summons the "Reformation Parliament" and begins to cut the ties with the Church of Rome





1530 - Thomas Wolsey dies





1532 - Sir Thomas More resigns over the question of Henry VIII's divorce





1533 - Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn and is excommunicated by Pope Clement VII; Thomas Cranmer appointed Archbishop of Canterbury





1534 - Act of Supremacy: Henry VIII declared supreme head of the Church of England





1535 - Sir Thomas More is beheaded in Tower of London for failing to take the Oath of Supremacy





1536 - Anne Boleyn is beheaded; Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour; dissolution of monasteries in England begins under the direction of Thomas Cromwell, completed in 1539.





1537 - Jane Seymour dies after the birth of a son, the future Edward VI





1539 - Dissolution of Glastonbury Abbey; buildings torched and looted by king's men; Abbot Richard Whiting is executed by hanging atop Glastonbury Tor.





1540 - Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves following negotiations by Thomas Cromwell; Henry divorces Anne of Cleves and marries Catherine Howard; Thomas Cromwell executed on charge of treason





1542 - Catherine Howard is executed





1543 - Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr; alliance between Henry and Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) against Scotland and France





1544 - Henry VIII and Charles V invade France





1547 - Edward VI, King of England: Duke of Somerset acts as Protector





1549 - Introduction of uniform Protestant service in England based on Edward VI's Book of Common Prayer





1550 - Fall of Duke of Somerset:; Duke of Northumberland succeeds as Protector


1551 -Archbishop Cranmer publishes Forty-two Articles of religion





1553 - On death of Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey proclaimed queen of England by Duke of Northumberland, her reign lasts nine days; Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, Queen of England (to 1558); Restoration of Roman Catholic bishops in England





1554 - Execution of Lady Jane Grey





1555 - England returns to Roman Catholicism: Protestants are persecuted and about 300, including Cranmer, are burned at the stake





1558 - England loses Calais, last English possession in France; Death of Mary I; Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, becomes Queen; Repeal of Catholic legislation in England





1560 - Treaty of Berwick between Elizabeth I and Scottish reformers; Treaty of Edinburgh among England, France, and Scotland





1563 - The Thirty-nine Articles, which complete establishment of the Anglican Church





1564 - Peace of Troyes between England and France





1567 - Murder of Lord Darnley, husband of Mary Queen of Scots, probably by Earl of Bothwell; Mary Queen of Scots marries Bothwell, is imprisoned, and forced to abdicate; James VI, King of Scotland





1568 - Mary Queen of Scots escapes to England and is imprisoned by Elizabeth I at Fotheringay Castle





1577 - Alliance between England and Netherlands; Francis Drake sails around the world (to 1580)





1584 - William of Orange is murdered and England sends aid to the Netherlands; 1586 Expedition of Sir Francis Drake to the West Indies; Conspiracy against Elizabeth I involving Mary Queen of Scots





1587 - Execution of Mary Queen of Scots; England at war with Spain; Drake destroys Spanish fleet at Cadiz





1588 - The Spanish Armada is defeated by the English fleet under Lord Howard of Effingham, Sir Francis Drake, and Sir John Hawkins: war between Spain and England continues until 1603





1597 - Irish rebellion under Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone (finally put down 1601)





1600 - Elizabeth I grants charter to East India Company





1601 - Elizabethan Poor Law charges the parishes with providing for the needy; Essex attempts rebellion, and is executed





1603 - Elizabeth dies; James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England





1604 - Hampton Court Conference: no relaxation by the Church towards Puritans; James bans Jesuits; England and Spain make peace





1605 - Gunpowder Plot; Guy Fawkes and other Roman Catholic conspirators fail in attempt to blow up Parliament and James I.





1607 - Parliament rejects proposals for union between England and Scotland; colony of Virginia is founded at Jamestown by John Smith; Henry Hudson begins voyage to eastern Greenland and Hudson River





1610 - Hudson Bay discovered





1611 - James I's authorized version (King James Version) of the Bible is completed; English and Scottish Protestant colonists settle in Ulster





1614 - James I dissolves the "Addled Parliament" which has failed to pass any legislation





1618 - Thirty Years' War begins, lasts until 1648





1620 - Pilgrims land at Plymouth Rock on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in the "Mayflower"; found New Plymouth





1622 - James I dissolves Parliament for asserting its right to debate foreign affairs





1624 - Alliance between James I and France; Parliament votes for war against Spain; Virginia becomes crown colony





1625 - Charles I, King of England (to 1649); Charles I marries Henrietta Maria, sister of Louis XIII of France; dissolves Parliament which fails to vote him money





1628 - Petition of Right; Charles I forced to accept Parliament's statement of civil rights in return for finances





1629 - Charles I dissolves Parliament and rules personally until 1640





1630 - England makes peace with France and Spain





1639 - First Bishops' War between Charles I and the Scottish Church; ends with Pacification of Dunse





1640 - Charles I summons the "Short " Parliament ; dissolved for refusal to grant money; Second Bishops' War; ends with Treaty of Ripon; The Long Parliament begins.


1641 - Triennial Act requires Parliament to be summoned every three years; Star Chamber and High Commission abolished by Parliament; Catholics in Ireland revolt; some 30,000 Protestants massacred; Grand Remonstrance of Parliament to Charles I





1642 - Charles I fails in attempt to arrest five members of Parliament and rejects Parliament's Nineteen Propositions; Civil War (until 1645) begins with battle of Edgehill between Cavaliers (Royalists) and Roundheads (Parliamentarians)





1643 - Solemn League and Covenant is signed by Parliament





1644 - Battle of Marston Moor; Oliver Cromwell defeats Prince Rupert





1645 - Formation of Cromwell's New Model Army; Battle of Naseby; Charles I defeated by Parliamentary forces





1646 - Charles I surrenders to the Scots





1647 - Scots surrender Charles I to Parliament; he escapes to the Isle of Wright; makes secret treaty with Scots.


1648 - Scots invade England and are defeated by Cromwell at battle of Preston Pride's Purge: Presbyterians expelled from Parliament (known as the Rump Parliament); Treaty of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War


1649 - Charles I is tried and executed; The Commonwealth, in which ; England is governed as a republic, is established and lasts until 1660; Cromwell harshly suppresses Catholic rebellions in Ireland





1650 - Charles II lands in Scotland; is proclaimed king.


1651 - Charles II invades England and is defeated at Battle of Worcester; Charles escapes to France; First Navigation Act, England gains virtual monopoly of foreign trade





1653 - Oliver Cromwell dissolves the "Rump" and becomes Lord Protector





1654 - Treaty of Westminster between England and Dutch Republic





1655 - England divided into 12 military districts by Cromwell; seizes Jamaica from Spain





1656 - War with Spain (until 1659)





1658 - Oliver Cromwell dies; succeeded as Lord Protector by son Richard; Battle of the Dunes, England and France defeat Spain; England gains Dunkirk





1659 - Richard Cromwellforced to resign by the army; "Rump" Parliament restored





1660 - Convention Parliament restores Charles II to throne





1661 - Clarendon Code; "Cavalier" Parliament of Charles II passes series of repressive laws against Nonconformists; English acquire Bombay





1662 - Act of Uniformity passed in England


1664 - England siezes New Amsterdam from the Dutch, change name to New York





1665 - Great Plague in London





1666 - Great Fire of London





1667 - Dutch fleet defeats the English in Medway river; treaties of Breda among Netherlands, England, France, and Denmark





1668 - Triple Alliance of England, Netherlands, and Sweden against France





1670 - Secret Treaty of Dover between Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France to restore Roman Catholicism to England; Hudson's Bay Company founded





1672 - Third Anglo-Dutch war (until 1674); William III (of Orange) becomes ruler of Netherlands





1673 - Test Act aims to deprive English Roman Catholics and Nonconformists of public office





1674 - Treaty of Westminster between England and the Netherlands





1677 - William III, ruler of the Netherlands, marries Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York, heir to the English throne


1678 - 'Popish Plot' in England; Titus Oates falsely alleges a Catholic plot to murder Charles II





1679 - Act of Habeas Corpus passed, forbidding imprisonment without trial; Parliament's Bill of Exclusion against the Roman Catholic Duke of York blocked by Charles II; Parliament dismissed; Charles II rejects petitions calling for a new Parliament; petitioners become known as Whigs; their opponents (royalists) known as Tories





1681 - Whigs reintroduce Exclusion Bill; Charles II dissolves Parliament





1685 - James II of England and VII of Scotland (to 1688); rebellion by Charles II's illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth, against James II is put down





1686 - James II disregards Test Act; Roman Catholics appointed to public office





1687 - James II issues Declaration of Liberty of Conscience, extends toleration to all religions





1688 - England's 'Glorious Revolution'; William III of Orange is invited to save England from Roman Catholicism, lands in England, James II flees to France





1689 - Convention Parliament issues Bill of Rights; establishes a constitutional monarchy in Britain; bars Roman Catholics from the throne; William III and Mary II become joint monarchs of England and Scotland (to1694), Toleration Act grants freedom of worship to dissenters in England; Grand Alliance of the League of Augsburg, England, and the Netherlands.





· (1702) King William III died; Anne, daughter of James II, crowned Queen





· (1707) Act of Union passed - united England and Scotland as Great Britain





· (1714) Queen Anne died; George Ludwig, great grandson of James I became King George I, the first German-speaking monarch





· (1720) The South Sea Bubble financial crisis struck





· (1721) Whig politician, Robert Walpole, became first Prime Minister of Great Britain





· (1727) King George I died; son, George II crowned new king





· (1745) French defeated Great Britain and Austria at Battle of Fontenoy; Bonnie Prince Charlie, claimant to throne, defeated by King George II supporters





· (1752) Gregorian calendar (also known as New Style) adopted by Britain and all British colonies





· (1756) Seven Years' War began





· (1760) King George II died; George III new king





· (1763) Treaty of Paris ended Seven Years' War





· (1770) British troops sent to American colonies; Boston Massacre occurred; British troops quickly removed from Boston





· (1773) Colonists in America dumped chests of tea into sea protesting taxes (Boston Tea Party)





· (1775) American Revolution began





· (1776) American Declaration of Independence signed by thirteen colonies declaring break from Britain





· (1781) American Revolution ended; America won its independence. Mostly because there were a lot more important things going on. Like dealing with Napoleon. Your welcome, world. (What? He's not bitter! Okay, Arthur may be bitter. But England is not.)





· (1801) Act of Union placed Ireland under British Parliament control





· (1805) British defeated Napoleon's French fleet at Battle of Trafalgar





· (1811) King George III deemed unfit to rule; son George, Prince of Wales, appointed Prince Regent





· (1811 - 1817) Luddite Movement occurred - rioting against unemployment due to Industrial Revolution; potato famine ravished Ireland





· (1819) Factory Act banned child workers under nine





· (1820) King George III died; George IV became king





· (1829) Roman Catholic Relief Act passed, gave political rights to Catholics for loyalty to Protestant monarchy





· (1830) King George IV died; succeeded by brother, Duke of Clarence, as King William IV





· (1832) Great Reform Act passed, male property owners allowed to vote; cholera struck Britain, more than 20,000 died





· (1834) Charles Babbage invented mechanical calculating machine - prototype for modern computer





· (1837) King William IV died; his niece crowned Queen Victoria of Britain





· (1845) Potato crops across Europe ruined





· (1851) Great Exhibition took place - more than six million visited





· (1854 - 1856) Britain victorious in Crimean War





· (1863) First underground railway in London opened





· (1867) Second Reform Act passed - male household heads allowed to vote





· (1869) Suez Canal opened; women rate-payers given right to vote in local elections


·


· (1870) Education Act passed, school mandatory for children up to 11 years





· (1872) Ballot Act passed - voting now secret





· (1875) Captain Michael Webb first person to swim across English Channel





· (1877) Queen Victoria declared Empress of India





· (1878) Pleasure boat, Princess Alice, sank in Thames River, more than 600 died





· (1892) First Labour MP elected





· (1896) Britain won three gold medals at first modern Olympic Games in Athens





· (1899 - 1902) Boer War took place; Britain defeated South African Dutch settlers





· (1901) Queen Victoria died; son Edward VII new king





· (1903) Suffagrette movement founded





· (1908) Introduction of pensions





· (1910) Edward VII died, son George crowned King George V





· (1912) Titanic left Southampton, sank in North Atlantic, 1,513 people died





· (1914) World War I began





· (1918) World War I ended, one million Brits dead





· (1920) League of Nations launched





· (1921) Ireland granted independence by Ango-Irish Treaty; six counties retained as part of United Kingdom





· (1922) United Kingdom became known as United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland; British Broadcasting Company aired first radio service





· (1924) John Logie Baird, Scottish engineer, invented television





· (1926) Two million workers went on strike, the "General Strike" lasted for nine days





· (1928) Women aged 21 received right to vote; Amelia Earhart landed in South Wales - first female to fly solo across Atlantic; Doctor Alexander Fleming of London discovered penicillin





· (1929) New York Stock Exchange crashed, economic slump hit Britain





· (1936) King George V died; son Edward VIII crowned king, abdicated the throne to marry Mrs. Simpson (second shortest reign in English history); brother George (George V) became king





· (1939) World War II begins.





FOR WWII PLEASE SEE OTHER TAB





· (1951) Festival of Britain took place; Winston Churchill re-elected Prime Minister





· (1952) King George VI died; Britain tested nuclear bomb





· (1953) Elizabeth II crowned Queen of England; scientists at Cambridge University discovered structure of DNA





· (1955) Churchill resigned as Prime Minister





· (1958) Great Train Robbery occurred - Royal Mail train robbed; Beatles released hit songs





· (1966) England won Football World Cup (Two World Wars and One World Cup, Doo-Dah, Doo Dah~); Aberfan, Wales swamped by mining waste, 116 children died and 28 adults





· (1969) Maiden flight of Concorde took place; Queen Elizabeth II's son, Charles, named Prince of Wales; death penalty abolished





· (1971) Decimal currency adopted; rioting in Ireland left 20 people dead





· (1973) Britain joined Common Market; bombs in London killed one and injured 250





· (1976) Britain had hottest, driest summer in 250 years; Concorde made first commercial flight





· (1978) Test tube baby, Louise Brown, born in Lancashire





· (1979) "Iron Lady" Margaret Thatcher became first female Prime Minister





· (1980) Iranian terrorists sacked Iranian Embassy in London; John Lennon killed in New York City





· (1981) Prince Charles married Lady Diana Spencer; ten prisoners died during hunger strike of IRA at Maze Prison in Ireland; rioting in South London





· (1982) British troops drove Argentine forces out of Falkland Islands; IRA continued attacks on London at Regents Park and Knightsbridge, nine people killed





· (1985) Fire at Bradford City Football Ground killed 40 and injured 150; rioting at European Cup final killed 39 people; Live Aid concert took place in London; race riots in Bruston occurred





· (1987) Margaret Thatcher re-elected; hurricane hit Britain, caused 17 deaths; IRA bomb in County Fermanagh killed 11 and injured more than 60; Stock markets crashed around world - named Black Monday; Kings Cross underground station fire killed 30





· (1989) Crowd crush at FA match in Sheffield killed nearly 100





· (1990) Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher resigned (EVERYBODY DANCE NOW)





· (1994) Channel Tunnel opened rail link between Britain and rest of Europe





· (1997) Labour Party won landslide victory, Tony Blair became Prime Minister; Princess Diana killed in auto accident in Paris; British returned Hong Kong to China at end of its 99 year lease





· (1999) Minimum wage introduced; bombings occurred in London; Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly formed


·


· (2003) Britain joined United States-led coalition in Iraq war; 750,000 people in London staged anti-war protest





· (2005) London's public transport system struck by four bomb attacks; 54 people killed, more than 700 injured; Tony Blair elected to third term; Irish Republican Army gave up weapons arsenal





· (2006) Armed robbery of security company resulted in kidnapping of manager, theft of 25 million pounds ($43.5 million)





· (2007) Severe winter storm killed 47





· (2009) More than 2,000 people trapped for many hours inside the Channel Tunnel when five Eurostar trains broke down due to cold weather





· (2009) David Cameron became prime minister; car carrying Prince Charles and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, attacked by protestors opposed to raising university tuitions





· (2011) Libyan Foreign Minister, Moussa Koussa, defected to London; Prince William and Kate Middleton were married


Crush(s): Arthur doesn't like to trivialize the major romances in his life with the terms "crush", but he has, through his lifetime, been in love with a few significant persons. And no matter how much he might deny it or deny himself in terms of his feelings for them, he's never fallen out of love with a single person his heart has been given to. It's still theirs, no matter how it might hurt him to leave it in their hands. These people are... King Arthur Pendragon, Francis/François Bonnefois, Queen Elizabeth I, and (though he has yet to fully admit to the feeling himself) Alfred F. Jones.


In terms of pure attraction he has quite a thing for India and Portugal.


Other: It's very long so it's under the spoiler tag. Mostly just headcanon stuff but do feel free to peruse it.





Strengths:


+ He's never been monstrously strong, but he's bloody fast. Years of being beaten and stolen from by his brother's taught him well how to fight against people bigger than him, and how to cheat.


+ He's heavily trained with sword play - rapier, foil, and swash, he's no good shakes with a broadsword, never has been.


+ He is a pirate king~ He is a pirate king~ Oh it is it is a glorious thing to be a pirate king~ (seriously though, don't mess with him on the open sea, you won't like the results)


+ WWII lead him to be brilliant in a fighter, even if he hates flying with every fiber in his being because of it.


+ He knows what every piece of cutlery is for and where it goes in a place setting.


+ He can knit, crochet, and embroider incredibly well, and quite quickly. He's also very good at mending torn clothing.


+ While he can't grow anything actually useful his thumb is greener than his hills when it comes to roses. He can cross breed - and in fact, does - and can tell you the meaning of each and every bloom you might think to show him, be they opened or closed, and in what numbers they come in. That is to say, he's not just fluent in the language of roses, he invented it.


+ He has a cast iron liver.


+ He's incredibly OCD


+ He never gives up. He doesn't know the meaning of the word. The English are the pluckiest men on earth, even when the world wars are being fought in their kitchen they still observe tea time and have the time to kick anyone who dares try to interrupt it in the shins. Keep calm and carry on indeed.





Weaknesses:


- He never gives up. He doesn't know the meaning of the word. He'll drag himself to the brink of death and keep fighting, he'd rather die then surrender, and in fact nearly has a few times in his past because of this.


- He's a jealous bugger. He can't control his jealousy at all, especially when he sees someone moving in on what he wants, or notices someone he wants moving to someone else. Just look at Jeanne d'Arc. And Guinevere/Gwenhyfar. And Sir Walter Raleigh. He has a problem.


- He… has this nasty little habit of burning women to death.


- He's proud. His pride often won't let him step back and forgive, or start again when any normal person would have let it go long ago.


- He falls in love with humans far too easily. He even married one.


- He never forgets, and he never stops loving. When he's fallen for someone he never gets over it, even long after it's over and/or they're dead. Or if nothing happens. He just can't stop, even if he can fall again, it's still there, in part of him.


- He's an alcoholic, and manic-depressive so it doesn't help when he binge drinks.


- He's incredibly OCD.





Fears:


☣ This confident, calm gentleman is autophobic. He's terrified of being on his own.


☣ That the few remaining fae will leave for Avalon and he'll have no one (related to the above. If this ever happened he'd probably go mad)


☣ Flying. After WWII Arthur claims to absolutely detest flying, but in truth, it terrifies him. While commercial airlines aren't as bad as flying in, say, a biplane, he can't help but get a feeling like his skin is crawling off his bones every time he gets up in the air.


☣ being wrong about a certain promised return. If he's waited this long, it better not fall through. He's not sure what he'd do if he didn't think he'd be coming back.


☣ Demilitarisation. He feels utterly defenseless without a strong working military.


☣ Opium. Funny, that his own weapon would terrify him so much, but it does.





Secrets:


♦ Arthur has an addiction problem - actually, he's had several. His problem isn't so much what he gets addicted to - he's a nation, it won't kill him - it's how susceptible to falling into the hole of addiction he is. He goes through phases, but every time he tries something new he finds it next to impossible to stop, ever since the opium wars. He tries not to let the other nations know, but he can't help but delve into whatever's popular.


♦ He hates any nicknames he may get because he's borrowing the name he has. It was a gift from a very special boy who used to be his king, and he treasures it more than… possibly anything.


♦ There's a ring Arthur wears on a chain around his neck - carved jade, in the shape of an ivy vine. It's a wedding ring, and it's identical partner was buried with Queen Elizabeth the first - Arthur has never worn his - it belongs to England more than him, and he'd rather keep it next to his heart.


♦ England didn't burn Jeanne d'Arc because of the military advantage. He did it because he was jealous beyond reason and couldn't stand to see anyone that France loved more than him live. He was the one that ripped her dress from her and forced her into pants - if she would take what he so wanted he would take what she protected so jealously. She didn't die a virgin.


♦ He's actually incredibly proud of Alfred and all he's accomplished. He just wants to tell his son how pleased he is with him despite his mistakes, to be there for Alfred as a father should, but he's too proud to allow himself to mend their broken relationship.


♦ England run's the porn industry now - but that's no secret. What is is that one Arthur Kirkland has actually starred in a few pornos.


♦ He has an extensive collection of sex toys - most of them he'll never use. It's quite literally a collection - if it's been made, he has one, even if it doesn't play into any of his kinks.


♦ He leads a secret life on the weekends as the guitarist in a punk rock band.


♦ Contrary to popular belief his eyebrows are not an erogenous zone…but the pulsepoints on his wrists are. The eyebrows are just a backfired curse he'd tried to set on France centuries ago.


♦ Arthur hates what becoming settled and civilised has done to him, no matter that he's fallen into the role of a gentleman as well as he could, and accepted it as the price of progress. He hates it and maintains that the collar on a shirt is no different from that you would put on a dog. He longs for the days when he could just take off across the seas and live as he wanted to, with no one to tell him otherwise.





Any Quirks/Habits:


He's an alcoholic, I'm not sure if that counts as a habit or not. Hmm. I'm not sure what to put here. Hmm. He can't lie when he's drunk, is that a weird quirk?


Random fact! Every morning he brushes his hair nice and flat, and keeps it incredibly neat. But the faeries like to use it for nesting, so they pluck and pull at it so that by the time he leaves his house it's a right mess. Also, he can speak French. It was his national language for over six-hundred years. Of course he can speak it. Fluently and perfectly. He just pretends he can't - and speaking the language means he knows how to pronounce everything wrong.





Overall Personality: Arthur is a walking contradiction, the king of hypocrisy, and bloody proud of it at that. He's contrary for the sake of being contrary. He doesn't have trouble expressing his feelings, he's just a dick. If he doesn’t like you he doesn't mind telling you as much, and he definitely doesn't spare the details. He's a rude, belligerent man grown harsh and cold as the world and turned him from a hopeful romantic to a jaded and bitter man, old beyond his time (because as far as Europe is concerned, Arthur's a bit of a young whipper snapper, even if he's quite old compared to, say, America or Mexico). He was born a scrapper, and will die a scrapper and will remain one for all the years in between, no matter how civilised he may be now, and he has a bad habit of looking at everything as a competition or a fight that he should probably be in the middle of.


His temper is so short it's amasing to think that there's a fuse at all, and he's quick to jump to conclusions - especially if they can be solved with a fist, the product of being raised on the British aisles with influences like Scotland, Cyrmy, Wales, and Ireland about. Now a days he's calmed down considerably, but he's still a terribly argumentative old thing. Like I mentioned in his appearance bit, he's rather like a ferret, or perhaps a viper. Quick to anger and strike, and generally irritable all the time. He wasn't always like this, in fact, he used to be a rather timid child, more prone to running and hiding out, living with his faeries rather than fighting back. Running was easier, and as a general rule, more effective. But in time he started to grow and become more unified - thanks to a certain king and legend who's name Arthur is proud to share, to hold onto, until he returns - and he learned to start fighting back. And it felt good. No more bending over, bowing down, giving in. Fighting, tooth and nail, no matter how long it took. Surrendering fell out of his vocabulary, and never truly re-entered. And now, even if beaten into the ground, he'll never fail to try until he can rise again. After all, it's only a flesh wound!


When it comes to ladies, however, he as a completely different attitude. England is a gentleman, even if he wishes for freer days, and while he might be a right cad to anyone else, any woman he meets, be she completely stranger or age-old acquaintance, she will always be treated with the respect a lady deserves (unless she's a whore or he's in a fit of jealous rage: See Gwenhyfar and Jeann d'Arc). He'll open doors for you, pull out your chair, take your coat, offer his, throw it down in a puddle for you, what have you. Chivalry is not dead, at least not to Arthur Kirkland.


He's a very nostalgic nation, and when he latches on to a particular person or time period, he cannot let it go. Now, I've tried to explain this about a million times, and I can never do it quite so well as I want to other than in the following, so please enjoy a little ficlet that describes exactly how he handles his nostalgia, and the pain points therein.


--


England's house is large, even for a country, though it may not look so from the outside. He needs it to be, for the family reunions where Scotland makes it reek of alcohol, and the Irelands break his furniture while New Zealand and Australia cheer one or the other on until they two turn to brawling themselves. Needless to say it has more winding halls and odd passages than the British Museum. Indeed, enough to keep even young New England entertained when he was taken to the big house. But even Alfred has not discovered what lies behind all of the rooms in that grand house - no, there is one hall kept in a state of near-perfect repair that no one but England has ever been allowed to go down. Not even Francis has seen behind the four great doors kept along that way, though he more than anyone might have some small inkling to what they might hold.





Not even the faeries dare to try going back into the well kept rooms along that hall, and while England will frequent the boards before each door even he has trouble going past some of them. It takes a great deal of time for him to push past the threshold, and for one of the four rooms found there it's all he's managed. Nearest to the open end of the hall, to the rest of the house, he'll sit in the doorway when the rain has grown to thick to bear, several bottles of heavy drink - brandy, scotch, bourbon, and gin - about him. He'll finger the edges of the rug laid out below the small cot of a bed, fitted with the best mattress of it's time, he'll look up at the scratch drawings on yellowing parchment that line the walls and the toys that still litter the floor - he never was good at putting his things away, was he? He'll stare at the child's room that will never be used and see a form that will never again be so little run about the room and laugh and smile, and he'll stare until the image fades or grows to clear to watch any longer, until he can't look, until he turns his eyes away and lets out wrenching sobs, broken cries that wrack his whole body until he's nothing but a shaking pile of tears and flesh upon the floor.





More opened is the delicately carved door across the way, painted white with a polished brass knob and careful carvings along door and frame. On days when he remembers strongest the smell of wild roses and powder rooms, or when the girl behind the counter at the tea house down the road has eyes that look just a bit too much like the shining grey-green of old Queen's or when her hair catches the sun in just the way to make it look like flame, when the ring strung about his neck weighs down heavier than a small piece of gold and jade should be able to, those are the days he comes here. He does not bother to drink -she had never approved of such - and he sees no phantom lady moving about the rooms he'd had re-created here, but that doesn't stop him from taking down the gown of white that only he got to see her wear. It doesn't stop him from holding it close as he falls upon the bed that was considered soft for it's time, and it certainly doesn't stop the silent tears that fall into the material he's spent so much time and care preserving. It doesn't stop him from pulling the ring off that chain about his neck to hold it on his finger as he never could wear it, from running his fingers over the engravings and from repeating the vows over and over, always cutting out over the last line - "until death do us part."





The third door down is rarely opened, and when it is he's more of a wreck then when he sits in the doorway of the first. His breath is always thick with the scent of rum, and he throws the door to the hull-turned-chamber found within open with enough force that he's had to have her repaired on countless occasions. When he runs in here he is cursing Spain and the sea and his brother and above all everything French until he has no more words left in him, nor the ability to say any that he might find. He screams and throws about old bits of sails and maps he'll never use again, old hats and cutlasses and any number of nautical paraphernalia that he once used to drive off his own happiness. He will curse his voice away until he can do nothing more than drop to his knees in the hull of his old ship and read over letter after letter, lips moving in the echoing sounds of his pained rage. Until he can do nothing but read over words he's never been able to forget, and pretend that the man who wrote them meant what he said. Until he falls into a drunken sleep surrounded by memories he can never throw out, dreaming of a time when he was still 'mon amour Angleterre.'





The last room, at the end of the hall, has never seen him so broken as all that, or perhaps has witnessed a much deeper crack in the Englishmen. In there he allows his faerie friends, though they refuse to enter. To that hall he makes a regular, almost religious pilgrimage, to set down and carefully keep polished and bright each and every artifact he has collected, from that most famous sword kept safe in the center next to it's sheath, to the armor kept standing by the wall, to the iron shoe he once played toss with as a not-child. Here he smoothes out robes and sits at a seat with the name that shouldn't be his at the back of it, looking over a huge table where no one, now, will sit. He touches with reverent delicacy each precious object from a time when he could laugh, and whispers the happenings of the day. He informs ears that have been deaf for centuries about his accomplishments and failings with the hope of praise carried in the hearts of young children speaking to someone they've looked up to all their life, and at the same time with the familiarity and warmth adopted when talking to one with whom love is shared. Here he promises, and pleads, and waits for a king who will never return.





England's house is large, but it's too small for him to escape the feel of ghost-filled rooms and empty halls.


--


So. Yes. England has had some losses in the past. Alfred, as a son, Elizabeth, as a wife and queen, France, as a lover (headcanon, of course, happy to discuss this with France if/when we get one), and Arthur, as a king, a friend, and a mentor. And he has never gotten over their loss. He's a nostalgic old man, and he carries all that weight with him wherever he goes, no matter what he does. He cannot let go of it, cannot set down the burden, will not allow himself to, and so he shoulders it through all. It's part of why he's such a downer now.


He believes in love, but wishes he didn't. He wish he were better at hating, and knows that it would behoove him to be less prideful. But he can't. He is who he is. Even if that's not necessarily who he, or others, want him to be.


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